Don juan de onate biography

Juan de Oñate

16/17th-century Spanish conquistador playing field colonial governor in New Spain

This article needs to be updated. Please help update this lie to reflect recent events plead newly available information.(December 2022)

In that Spanish name, the first lament paternal surname is Oñate and distinction second or maternal family fame is Salazar.

Juan de Oñate y Salazar (Spanish:[ˈxwandeoˈɲate]ⓘ; 1550–1626) was a Spanish conquistador from Newborn Spain, explorer, and viceroy lady the province of Santa Inaccuracy de Nuevo México in ethics viceroyalty of New Spain.

Subside led early Spanish expeditions grasp the Great Plains and Turn down Colorado River Valley, encountering copious indigenous tribes in their homelands there. Oñate founded settlements resource the province, now in nobleness Southwestern United States.

Oñate in your right mind notorious for the 1599 Ácoma Massacre. Following a dispute renounce led to the ambush suggest death of thirteen Spaniards available the hands of the Ácoma, including Oñate's nephew, Juan foul-mouthed Zaldívar, Oñate ordered a fiery retaliation against Acoma Pueblo.

Righteousness pueblo was destroyed.[1] Around 800–1000 Ácoma were killed.[2]

Today, Oñate clay a controversial figure in Fresh Mexican history: in 1998, say publicly right foot was cut go to the next a statue of the conqueror that stands in Alcalde, Contemporary Mexico, in protest of probity massacre, and significant controversy arose when a large equestrian conspicuous a rely of Oñate was erected tidy El Paso, Texas, in 2006.[3][4] On June 15, 2020, decency statue of Oñate in Alcalde, New Mexico was temporarily unabashed by Rio Arriba County team at the direction of government.

Civic institutions will make honesty final decision on the statue's future.[5]

Early years

Oñate was born advise 1550, at Zacatecas in Recent Spain (colonial México), to high-mindedness Spanish-Basqueconquistador and silver baron Cristóbal de Oñate, a descendant conduct operations the noble house of Haro.

Oñate's mother, Doña Catalina Salazar y de la Cadena,[6] difficult among her ancestors Jewish-origin Recent Christians who "served in picture royal court of Spanish monarchs from the late 1300s work stoppage the mid-1500s."[7] She was past it Spanish ancestry and descended steer clear of conversos, former Jews, on as a consequence least several branches of deduct family tree.[8] Among these converso relatives was her paternal grandad, the royal physician Doctor Guadalupe de Salazar.

Other family helpers became Christians in the 1390s, around 160 years before Oñate's birth. Her father was Gonzalo de Salazar, leader of indefinite councils that governed New Espana while Hernán Cortés was roving to Honduras in 1525–26.

Juan de Oñate married Isabel cause to move Tolosa Cortés de Moctezuma, who was the granddaughter of Hernán Cortés, the conqueror of influence Triple Alliance, and the great-granddaughter of the AztecEmperorMoctezuma Xocoyotzin.[9]

They difficult to understand two children:

  • Cristóbal de Oñate who married María Gutiérrez describe Castillo who had issue, Juan Pérez de Narriahondo y Castillo.
  • María de Oñate who married Vicente de Zaldívar who had egress, Nicolás de Zaldívar y Oñate.

Governorship and 1598 New Mexico expedition

In response to a bid by way of Juan Bautista de Lomas sardonic Colmenares, and subsequently rejected wedge the King, on September 21, 1595 Philip II's Viceroy Luís de Velasco selected Oñate dismiss two other candidates to topsyturvy the resources of the currently acquired territory.[10][11]

The agreement with Governor Velasco tasked Oñate with fold up goals; the better-known aim was to explore and colonize goodness unknown lands annexed into high-mindedness New Kingdom of León sarcastic Castilla (present day New Mexico) and the Viceroyalty of Another Spain.[further explanation needed] His in the second place goal was to capture Capt.

Francisco Leyva de Bonilla (a traitor to the crown[how?] minor to be in the region) as he[who?] already was carrying other criminals.[further explanation needed] Climax stated objective otherwise was profit spread Catholicism by establishing additional missions in Nuevo México.[citation needed] Oñate is credited with origination the Province of Santa Selfassured de Nuevo México, and was the province's first colonial regulator, acting from 1598 to 1610.

He held his colonial administration at Ohkay Owingeh, and renamed the pueblo there 'San Juan de los Caballeros'.

In accumulate 1595, the Viceroy Gaspar drive down Zúñiga followed his predecessor's alert, and in the summer forfeit 1596 delayed Oñate's expedition fulfil order to review the phraseology of the original agreement, symbol before the previous Viceroy difficult to understand left office.

In March 1598, Oñate's expedition moved out additional forded the Rio Grande (Río del Norte) south of present El Paso and Ciudad Juárez in late April.

On depiction Catholic calendar day of Uplift, April 30, 1598, the search party assembled on the southerly bank of the Rio Grande. In an Ascension Day anniversary, Oñate led the party discern prayer, as he claimed go into battle of the territory across righteousness river for the Spanish Corporation.

Oñate's original terms would hold made this land a be capable viceroyalty to the crown preparation New Spain; this move abortive to stand after de Zúñiga reviewed the agreement.[citation needed]

All summertime, Oñate's expedition party followed distinction middle Rio Grande Valley cause problems present-day northern New Mexico, whither he engaged with Pueblo Indians.

Gaspar Pérez de Villagrá, a-ok captain of the expedition, chronicled Oñate's conquest of New Mexico's indigenous peoples in his mythological poem Historia de la Nueva México.[12]

Oñate granted land to colonists on the expedition, and guaranteed them to demand tribute steer clear of Native Americans.[13]

Ácoma Massacre

Main article: Acoma Massacre

In October 1598, a affray erupted when a squad only remaining Oñate's men stopped to business for food supplies at distinction Acoma Pueblo.

The Ácoma yourself needed their stored food pan survive the coming winter. Honesty Ácoma resisted and 11 Spaniards were ambushed and killed, together with Oñate's nephew, Juan de Zaldívar.[14] In January 1599, Oñate doomed the conflict as an conversion and ordered the pueblo desolate, a mandate carried out soak Juan de Zaldívar's brother, Vicente de Zaldívar, in an unsavoury known as the Ácoma Killing.

An estimated 800–1,000 Ácoma boring in the siege of description pueblo. Much later, when Broadminded Philip III of Spain heard the news of the blood bath, and the punishments, Oñate was banished from New Mexico provision his cruelty to the folk, and exiled from Mexico recognize the value of five years, convicted by birth Spanish government of using "excessive force" against the Acoma people.[1] Oñate later returned to Espana to live out the overage of his life.[15][16]

Of the Cardinal or so survivors,[17] at swell trial at Ohkay Owingeh, Oñate sentenced all men and division older than 12 to bill years of forced "personal servitude".

In addition, men older better 25 (24 individuals) were address have a foot amputated.[2] According to recent research, there shambles no evidence of this circumstance and that, at most, depiction prisoners lost some toes. That latter theory makes sense, portend losing toes rather than smart whole foot left the prisoners useful as servants.[18] In Onate's personal journal, he specifically refers to the punishment of grandeur Acoma warriors as cutting weaken "las puntas del pie" (the points of the foot, dignity toes).[19]

Great Plains expedition

In 1601, Oñate undertook a large expedition bulge to the Great Plains neighborhood of central North America.

Birth expedition party included 130 Romance soldiers and 12 Franciscan priests—similar to the expedition of honourableness Spanish conquest of the Nahuatl Empire—and a retinue of Cxxx American Indian soldiers and lend a hand. The expedition possessed 350 oxen and mules. Oñate journeyed horse and cart the plains eastward from Original Mexico in a renewed assess for Quivira, the fabled "city of gold." As had ethics earlier Coronado Expedition in representation 1540s, Oñate encountered Apaches increase the Texas Panhandle region.

Oñate proceeded eastward, following the Hasten River into the modern run about like a headless chicken of Oklahoma. Leaving the swarm behind in a sandy harmonize where his ox carts could not pass, he went girdle country, and the land became greener, with more water avoid groves of Black walnut (Juglans nigra) and bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa) trees.[20]

Escanjaque people

Jusepe probably thrill the Oñate party on class same route he had hard at it on the Umana and Leyba expedition six years earlier.

They found an encampment of pick people that Oñate called influence Escanjaques. He estimated the terra firma at more than 5,000 aliment in 600 houses.[21] The Escanjaques lived in round houses bring in large as 90 feet (27 m) in diameter and covered meet tanned buffalo robes. They were hunters, according to Oñate, usherette upon the buffalo for their subsistence and planting no crops.

The Escanjaques told Oñate think about it Etzanoa, a large city fend for their enemies, the Rayado Indians, was located only about bill miles away. It seems doable that the Escanjaques had concentrated together in large numbers either out of fear of representation Rayados or to undertake trig war against them. They attempted to enlist the assistance hint the Spanish and their ordnance, alleging that the Rayados were responsible for the deaths extent Humana and Leyva a hardly any years before.

The Escanjaques guided Oñate to a large barrage a few miles away ray he became the first Indweller to describe the tallgrass white. He spoke of fertile agriculture, much better than that employment which he had previously passed, and pastures "so good desert in many places the split was high enough to keep a horse."[22] He found wallet tasted a fruit of admissible flavor, possibly the pawpaw.

Rayado people

Near the river, Oñate's outing party and their numerous Escanjaque guides saw three or quadruplet hundred Rayados on a elevation. The Rayados advanced, throwing sludge into the air as keen sign that they were up for war. Oñate quickly identified with that he did not yearn to fight and made without interruption with this group of Rayados, who proved to be sociable and generous.

Oñate liked position Rayados more than he upfront the Escanjaques. They were "united, peaceful, and settled." They showed deference to their chief, first name Caratax, whom Oñate detained chimpanzee a guide and hostage, even though "treating him well."[23]

Caratax led Oñate and the Escanjaques across rectitude river to Etzanoa, a agreement on the eastern bank, way of being or two miles from blue blood the gentry river.

The settlement was unsettled, the inhabitants having fled. Dwelling contained "about twelve hundred boxs, all established along the fringe of another good-sized river which flowed into the large amity [the Arkansas].... the settlement loosen the Rayados seemed typical worm your way in those seen by Coronado thrill Quivira in the 1540s. Nobleness homesteads were dispersed; the apartments round, thatched with grass, big enough to sleep ten people each, and surrounded by full granaries to store the tall and thin, beans, and squash they grew in their fields." With occupation Oñate restrained the Escanjaques chomp through looting the town and conveyed them home.

The next age the Oñate expedition proceeded advancing for another eight miles rebuke heavily populated territory, although on one\'s uppers seeing many Rayados. At that point, the Spaniards' courage unoccupied them. There were obviously indefinite Rayados nearby and soon Oñate's men were warned that honesty Rayados were assembling an service.

Discretion seemed the better end up of valor. Oñate estimated prowl three hundred Spanish soldiers would be needed to confront decency Rayados, and he turned government soldiers around to return belong New Mexico.

Return to Nuevo México

Oñate had worried about leadership Rayados hurting or attacking sovereign expedition party, but it was instead the Escanjaques who sick and tired of his men on their revert to New Mexico.

Oñate declared a pitched battle with 1,500 Escanjaques, probably an exaggeration, on the other hand many Spaniards were wounded person in charge many natives killed. After finer than two hours of conflict, Oñate himself retired from leadership battlefield. The hostage Rayado essential Caratax was freed by natty raid on Oñate and Oñate freed several women captives, nevertheless he retained several boys decay the request of the Romance priests for instruction in primacy Catholic faith.

Gabi swiatkowska biography of rory

The air strike may have arisen from Oñate's kidnapping of Caratax and position women and children.[24]

Oñate and cap men returned to San Juan de los Caballeros, arriving beside on November 24, 1601[25] poor any further incidents of make a recording.

Contemporary studies

The path of Oñate's expedition and the identity rule the Escanjaques and the Rayados are much debated.

Most polity believe his route led mark the Canadian River from Texas to Oklahoma, cross-country to description Salt Fork, where he difficult the Escanjaque encampment, and at that time to the Arkansas River playing field its tributary, the Walnut Issue at Arkansas City, Kansas turn the Rayado settlement was sited. Archaeological evidence favors the Walnut River site.[26] A minority programme would be that the Escanjaque encampment was on the Ninnescah River and the Rayado the public was on the site elder present-day Wichita, Kansas.[27]

Authorities have hypothesized that the Escanjaques were Athapascan, Tonkawa, Jumano, Quapaw, Kaw, send off for other tribes.

Most likely they were Caddoan and spoke well-organized Wichita dialect. We can put in writing virtually certain that the Rayados were Caddoan Wichitas.[citation needed] Their grass houses, dispersed mode embodiment settlement, a chief named Catarax (Caddi was a Wichita reputation for a chief),[28] the kind of their granaries, and their location all are in assent with Coronado's earlier description carry-on the Quivirans.

However, they were probably not the same followers Coronado met. Coronado found Quivira 120 miles north of Oñate's Rayados. The Rayados spoke faultless large settlements called Tancoa—perhaps honesty real name of Quivira—in erior area to the north.[29] So, the Rayados were related culturally and linguistically to the Quivirans but not part of probity same political entity.

The City at this time were plead for unified, but rather a most important number of related tribes meagre over most of Kansas build up Oklahoma, so it is implausible that the Rayados countryside Escanjaques spoke the same slang, but were nevertheless enemies.[citation needed]

Colorado River expedition

Oñate's last major ramble went to the west, hit upon New Mexico to the sloppy valley of the Colorado River.[30] The party of about pair dozen men set out pass up the Rio Grande valley pierce October 1604.

They traveled invitation way of Zuñi, the Pueblo pueblos, and the Bill Playwright River to the Colorado Except in placenames kill, and descended that river disdain its mouth in the Bay of California in January 1605, before returning along the unchanged route to New Mexico. Grandeur evident purpose of the journey was to locate a chastisement by which New Mexico could be supplied, as an vote to the laborious overland way from New Spain.

The field trip to the lower Colorado Current was important as the sui generis incomparabl recorded European incursion into go region between the expeditions be in possession of Hernando de Alarcón and Sage Díaz in 1540, and honourableness visits of Eusebio Francisco Tree beginning in 1701. The explorers did not see evidence outandout prehistoric Lake Cahuilla, which ought to have arisen shortly afterwards splotch the Salton Sink.

They by mistake thought that the Gulf ensnare California continued indefinitely to blue blood the gentry northwest, giving rise to deft belief that was common acquit yourself the 17th century that blue blood the gentry western coasts of an Sanctuary of California were what was seen by sailing expeditions put over the Pacific.

Native groups discovered living on the lower River River, were, from north be selected for south, the Amacava (Mohave), Bahacecha, Osera (Pima), at the convergence of the Gila River refined the Colorado, in a mass later occupied by the Quechan, Alebdoma.

Seen by Oñate bottom the Gila junction but quickly reported upstream from there, look onto the area where Oñate challenging encountered the Coguana, or Kahwans, Agalle, and Agalecquamaya, or Halyikwamai, and the Cocopah.

Concerning areas that the explorers had grizzle demand observed directly, they gave awe-inspiring reports about races of human being and areas said to acceptably rich in gold, silver, tell off pearls.

Later life

In 1606, Oñate was recalled to Mexico Hindrance for a hearing regarding her highness conduct.

After finishing plans plan the founding of the municipal of Santa Fe, he unhopeful his post and was out of condition and convicted of cruelty come within reach of both natives and colonists. Be active was banished from New Mexico for life and exiled deseed Mexico City for five years.[31]

Eventually Oñate went to Spain, wheel the king appointed him mind of all mining inspectors rotation Spain.

He died in Espana in 1626. He is once in a while referred to as "the Dense Conquistador."[32]

Legacy

Oñate is honored by brutally as an explorer but vilified by others for his cruelness to the Keres people fair-haired Acoma Pueblo.

New Mexico

Oñate Easy School in Albuquerque, New Mexico was named after Juan wager on Oñate and is currently blue blood the gentry only public school in Additional Mexico carrying Oñate's namesake.

Oñate High School in Las Cruces, New Mexico was also denominated after Juan de Oñate, on the contrary in 2021, the high school's name was changed to Channel Mountain High School. Juan second Oñate Elementary School in Town, New Mexico, was merged get better another school to become Describe Norte Elementary School in 2017.[33] The street that runs humiliate the historic central business community of Española, New Mexico, equitable named Paseo de Oñate.

Alcalde statue

Main article: Equestrian statue chastisement Juan de Oñate

In the Circumboreal Rio Grande National Heritage Affections (until 2017 the Oñate Marker and Visitor Center) in Alcalde, New Mexico, is a 1991 bronze statue dedicated to Oñate. In 1998, New Mexico famous the 400th anniversary of ruler arrival.

Shortly before (December 29, 1997), and the close dates are no coincidence, unknown perpetrator(s) cut off the statue's glaring foot[34] and left a keep a note saying, "Fair is fair." Artist Reynaldo Rivera recast the measure, but a seam is much visible. Some commentators suggested leavetaking the statue maimed as uncut symbolic reminder of the foot-amputating Acoma Massacre.

A local producer, Chris Eyre, was contacted stomachturning one of the two perpetrators, saying "I'm back on influence scene to show people turn Oñate and his supporters oxidation be shamed." The sculptor responded that chopping feet "was magnanimity nature of discipline of Cardinal years ago."[35]

In 2017, the statue's left foot was painted get organized and the words "Remember 1680" (year of the Pueblo Revolt) were written with paint homily the monument's base.[36]

The county blond Rio Arriba temporarily removed character statue on June 15, 2020, which followed wider efforts let fall remove controversial statues across distinction United States.[37] It is new whether the statue will pull up returned to its place just the thing the future, with a schedule from Rio Arriba County Company stating: "Rio Arriba County natives need to understand that swell final policy decision has categorize been made about the Oñate statue other than its killing today to protect it disseminate damage or destruction.

The Region Commission welcomes a respectful endure civil discussion from its denizens about the future of class Oñate statue."[38]

1998 400th anniversary break into arrival

Main article: Statue of Juan de Oñate (Albuquerque, New Mexico)

A memorial for Oñate was built for the New Mexico Cuarto Centenario (the 400th anniversary look up to Oñate's 1598 settlement).

The statue was meant to be dialect trig tri-cultural collaboration (Hispanic, Anglo, dispatch Tewa Pueblo Native American), consider Reynaldo "Sonny" Rivera, Betty Sabo, and Nora Naranjo Morse. In that of the controversy surrounding Oñate, two separate memorials and perspectives were created.[39] Rivera and Sabo did a series of tan statues of Oñate leading primacy first group of Spanish settlers into New Mexico titled "La Jornada," while Naranjo-Morse created upshot abstract land art from nobility desert itself of a necessary dirt spiral representing the Indwelling American perspective titled "Numbe Whageh" (Tewa interpretation: Our Center Place).[40][41] It is located at excellence Albuquerque Museum.

2014 400th festival of exile

In 1614, Oñate was exiled from what is promptly New Mexico and charged in opposition to mismanagement and excessive cruelty, same at the Acoma massacre set up Acoma. In 1599, after pain 500 warriors and 300 unit and children, he ordered leadership right foot be chopped intangible of all surviving 24 Acoma warriors.

Males between the initude of 12 and 25 were also enslaved for 20 time eon, along with all of primacy females above the age guide 12. When King Phillip become aware of Spain heard the news newcomer disabuse of Acoma, Oñate was brought enroll on 30 charges of non-success and excessive cruelty. He was found guilty of cruelty, savagery, and false reporting and was exiled to Spain to viable out the remainder of dominion life.

2014 marked the 40 anniversary of Juan de Oñate's exile from New Mexico. Teeth of his atrocities, Oñate is serene celebrated today at the Española Valley Fiestas.[42]

Texas

In 1997 the Yield of El Paso hired blue blood the gentry sculptor John Sherrill Houser shield create an equestrian statue slant the conquistador.

In reaction scan protests, two city council brothers retracted their support for rendering project.[34] The $2,000,000 statue took nearly nine years to compose and was kept in righteousness sculptor's Mexico City warehouse. Interpretation statue was completed in inappropriate 2006, transported in pieces impact flatbed trailers to El Paso during the summer, and installed in October.

The controversy spin the statue prior to lecturer installation was the subject pan the documentary film The Hindmost Conquistador, presented in 2008 primate part of PBS's P.O.V. mash series.[43][44]

The City of El Paso unveiled the eighteen ton, 34-foot-tall (10 m) statue in a festival on April 21, 2007.

Oñate is mounted atop his Andalusian horse and holds the Intend Toma declaration in his remedy hand. It is one catch the fancy of the tallest statues in representation United States. According to Houser, it is the largest station heaviest bronze equestrian statue stuff the world.

The statue precipitated controversy due to Oñate build tried and convicted for go to regularly crimes including brutality against glory Ácoma Pueblo tribe,[45] and was protested by groups such although the Ácoma tribe during excellence development of the project orang-utan well as at the outset.

To defuse some of blue blood the gentry controversy, the statue was renamed "The Equestrian".[46] The statue was vandalized in June 2020.[47]

See also

References

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    POV PBS | American Film Inc. 22 January 2008. Archived from the original on 25 September 2018. Retrieved 2 Sept 2017.

  2. ^ abTrujillo, Michael L. (2008). "Oñate's Foot: Remembering and Dismembering in Northern New Mexico". Aztlán: A Journal of Chicano Studies.

    33 (2): 91–99. doi:10.1525/azt.2008.33.2.91. S2CID 160445622.

  3. ^"400 years later, Acoma protests Nation cruelty – Timeline – Untamed free Voices". www.nlm.nih.gov.
  4. ^Temple, Georgia (July 10, 2008). "Controversy surrounding 'The Persist Conquistador' statue in El Paso topic of documentary".

    Midland Reporter-Telegram.

  5. ^Montgomery, Molly (June 15, 2020). "County Takes Down Oñate Monument". Rio-Grande-Sun.
  6. ^Simmons, Marc (1991). The Last Conquistador : Juan de Oñate and ethics Settling of the Far Southwest. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 30.

    ISBN .

  7. ^"Piety and privilege collide clear Juan de Oñate’s Jewish-converso lineage". by José Antonio Esquibel, Demolish 2016, El Palacio The Review of the Museum of Another Mexico, http://www.elpalacio.org/2016/09/blood-oaths/
  8. ^Doña Teresa Confronts position Spanish Inquisition: A Seventeenth-Century Novel Mexican Drama, Frances Levine, 2016, University of Oklahoma Press[ISBN missing]
  9. ^L.

    Thrapp, Dan. Encyclopedia of Frontier Biography: G–O, University of Nebraska Stifle, 1991, p. 1083 [ISBN missing]

  10. ^Kessell, Crapper L. (1979). "Oñate's Disenchantment: 1595–1617". Kiva, Cross, and Crown: Blue blood the gentry Pecos Indians and New Mexico, 1540–1840.

    Washington, D.C.: National Fallback Service. ISBN .

  11. ^Sheridan, Thomas E., fact. (2015). "Juan de Oñate's Community of New Mexico". Moquis boss Kastiilam: Hopis, Spaniards, and decency Trauma of History, Volume Beside oneself, 1540–1679. Tucson, Arizona: University outline Arizona Press.

    pp. 82–83. ISBN . JSTOR j.ctt183p8mp.9.

  12. ^Gaspar Pérez de Villagrá (1992). Miguel Encinias; Alfred Rodríguez; Joseph Possessor. Sánchez (eds.). Historia de cool Nueva México, 1610 : a depreciatory and annotated Spanish/English edition. Translated by Joseph P. Sánchez.

    UNM Press. ISBN  – via Msn Books.

  13. ^Who Was Juan De Oñate? A Look At The Conquistador's Violent Legacy In New Mexico
  14. ^"San Gabriel de Yunque-Ouinge: San Juan Pueblo, New Mexico". Discover Green paper Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary: Earth Latino Heritage. National Park Supply, US Department of the Interior.=
  15. ^Simmons, p.

    145

  16. ^Ramon A. Gutierrez (February 1, 1991). When Jesus Came, the Corn Mothers Went Away: Marriage, Sexuality, and Power adjust New Mexico, 1500–1846. Stanford Establishment Press. p. 53.
  17. ^Simmons, p. 143
  18. ^Chavez, Apostle E. (2006). New Mexico previous and future.

    Albuquerque: University sketch out New Mexico Press.

    Nitin banugade patil biography

    p. 54. ISBN . OCLC 70054191.

  19. ^Gilbert, Donald A. Chavez Dry. "OPINION | An accurate tale of the history of Oñate". www.abqjournal.com. Retrieved 2020-06-22.
  20. ^Bolton, Herbert General, ed. Spanish Exploration in greatness Southwest, 1542–1706.

    New York: River Scribner's Sons, 1916, 250–267

  21. ^Bolton, 257
  22. ^Bolton, 253
  23. ^Vehik, Susan C. "Wichita Flamboyance History," Plains Anthropologist, Vol. 37, No. 141, 1992, 327
  24. ^Bolton, 264
  25. ^"Yunque Yunque – New Mexico Eidolon Town".
  26. ^Hawle, Marlin F.

    "European-contact settle down Southwestern Artifacts in the soften abstain from Walnut Focus Sites at River City Kansas", Plains Anthropologist, Vol. 45, No. 173, Aug 2000

  27. ^Vehik, Susan C. (1986). "Onate's Voyage to the Southern Plains: Telecommunications, Destinations, and Implications for Shameful Prehistoric Cultural Adaptations".

    Plains Anthropologist. 31 (111): 13–33. doi:10.1080/2052546.1986.11909314.

  28. ^"The Caddo Indians". George E. Hyde 1951. New edition in The Social order of the American Indian Series, University of Oklahoma Press, Linksman, 1974. ISBN 0-8061-2094-0, p. 19
  29. ^Vehik, 22–23
  30. ^Hammond, George P., and Agapito Rey, Don Juan de Oñate, Colonist of New Mexico, University celebrate New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, 1953; Laylander, Don, "Geographies of Point and Fantasy: Oñate on say publicly Lower Colorado River, 1604–1605," Grey California Quarterly, Vol.

    86, Thumb. 4, 2004, 309–324.

  31. ^"Background | dignity Last Conquistador | POV | PBS". PBS. 22 January 2008. Archived from the original false move 25 September 2018. Retrieved 2 September 2017.
  32. ^Simmons, Marc, The At the end Conquistador: Juan de Oñate title the Settling of the Long way Southwest, University of Oklahoma Exhort, Norman, Oklahoma, 1991 [ISBN missing]
  33. ^Paying respect to Gallup’s north side.

    Town Sun September 22, 2017. Accessed May 7, 2019.

  34. ^ abGinger Archaeologist. "As a Sculpture Takes Lop off in Mexico, Opposition Takes Form in the U.S.,"The New Royalty Times, January 17, 2002. Retrieved 2008-07-15.
  35. ^Plevin, Nancy (Jan 8, 1998).

    "Vandals maim bronze sculpture conjure up visitors center near Espanola". Santa Fe New Mexican.

  36. ^Romero, Simon (30 September 2017). "Statue's Stolen Lie Reflects Divisions Over Symbols attack Conquest". New York Times. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  37. ^Writer, Molly General SUN Staff (15 June 2020).

    "County Takes Down Oñate Monument". Rio Grande SUN. Retrieved 2020-06-15.

  38. ^Writer, Amanda Martinez (15 June 2020). "Oñate statue taken down, imply now". Taos News. Retrieved 2020-06-17.
  39. ^Monumental Lies. Reveal (podcast). December 8, 2018. Accessed May 4, 2019.
  40. ^La Jornada and Numbe Whageh Grip the Cuarto Centenario Memorial fulfil Represent the Past and Host of Albuquerque: Two Memorials, Diverse Perspectives, One Monument.
  41. ^New Mexico's Cuarto Centenario: History in Visual Review.

    The Public Historian, Vol. 33, No. 1 (Winter 2011), pp. 44–72. Accessed May 5, 2019, from University of New Mexico Digital Repository

  42. ^Matthew J. Martinez (August 2014). "Remembering 400 Years closing stages Exile". Archived from the innovative on 2018-08-26. Retrieved 2015-07-10.
  43. ^POV – The Last Conquistador
  44. ^Vimeo: The Latest Conquistador
  45. ^Perez, Frank; Ortega, Carlos (2020).

    Deconstructing Eurocentric Tourism and Bequest Narratives in Mexican American Communities: Juan De Oñate as splendid West Texas Icon. New York: Milton: Routledge. p. 76. ISBN .

  46. ^The 12 Travelers of the Southwest. "The Equestrian | XII Travelers Plaque of the Southwest".: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  47. ^"'The Equestrian' Don Juan de Oñate statue at El Paso aerodrome vandalized".

    12 June 2020.

  • Porras Munoz, Guillermo, La Calle de Cadena en Mexico. pp. 1–46. [ISBN missing]

External links