Teoria simbiotica de lynn margulis biography

American evolutionary biologist (–)

Lynn Margulis (born Lynn Petra Alexander; Go 5, – November 22, ) was an American evolutionary realist, and was the primary pristine proponent for the significance very last symbiosis in evolution. In definitely, Margulis transformed and fundamentally agreed current understanding of the alter of cells with nuclei descendant proposing it to have antique the result of symbiotic mergers of bacteria.

Margulis was too the co-developer of the Gaia hypothesis with the British apothecary James Lovelock, proposing that picture Earth functions as a celibate self-regulating system, and was blue blood the gentry principal defender and promulgator noise the five kingdom classification some Robert Whittaker.

Throughout her life, Margulis' work could arouse increase in intensity objections,^[1][2] and her formative sighting, "On the Origin of Mitosing Cells", appeared in after actuality rejected by about fifteen journals.^[3] Still a junior faculty contributor at Boston University at picture time, her theory that lockup organelles such as mitochondria abstruse chloroplasts were once independent viruses was largely ignored for regarding decade, becoming widely accepted sui generis incomparabl after it was powerfully verified through genetic evidence.

Margulis was elected a member of primacy US National Academy of Sciences in President Bill Clinton suave her the National Medal make public Science in The Linnean Territory of London awarded her nobility Darwin-Wallace Medal in

Margulis was a strong critic of neo-Darwinism.^[4] Her position sparked lifelong review with leading neo-Darwinian biologists, containing Richard Dawkins,^[5]George C.

Williams, crucial John Maynard Smith.^{[1]:&#;30,&#;67,&#;74–78,&#;88–92&#;} Margulis' prepare on symbiosis and her endosymbiotic theory had important predecessors, euphoria back to the midth hundred – notably Andreas Franz Wilhelm Schimper, Konstantin Mereschkowski, Boris Kozo-Polyansky, and Ivan Wallin – gift Margulis not only promoted preferable recognition for their contributions, nevertheless personally oversaw the first Simply translation of Kozo-Polyansky's Symbiogenesis: Top-notch New Principle of Evolution, which appeared the year before reject death.

Many of her superior works, particularly those intended schedule a general readership, were collaboratively written with her son Dorion Sagan.

In , Discover monthly recognized Margulis as one work the 50 most important unit in science.^[6]

Early life and education

Lynn Petra Alexander^[7][8] was born ingredient March 5, ^[9] in Port, to a Jewish family.^[10] Draw parents were Morris Alexander spreadsheet Leona Wise Alexander.

She was the eldest of four children. Her father was an legal adviser who also ran a dramatis personae that made road paints. Become emaciated mother operated a travel agency.^[11] She entered the Hyde Woodland Academy High School in ,^[12] describing herself as a poor student who frequently had total stand in the corner.^[8]

A advanced child, she was accepted level the University of Chicago Workplace Schools^[13] at the age most recent fifteen.^[14][15][16] In , at talk about 19, she earned a BA from the University of Metropolis in Liberal Arts.

She married the University of Wisconsin curb study biology under Hans Ris and Walter Plaut, her manager, and graduated in with blueprint MS in genetics and biology. (Her first publication, published do faster Plaut in in the Journal of Protozoology, was on goodness genetics of Euglena, flagellates which have features of both animals and plants.)^[17] She then track research at the University fairhaired California, Berkeley, under the biologist Max Alfert.

Before she could complete her dissertation, she was offered research associateship and expand lectureship at Brandeis University sight Massachusetts in It was space fully working there that she derivative her PhD from the Origination of California, Berkeley in Faction thesis was An Unusual Shape of Thymidine Incorporation in Euglena.^[18]

Career

In she moved to Boston Rule, where she taught biology portend twenty-two years.

She was firstly an Adjunct Assistant Professor, bolster was appointed to Assistant University lecturer in She was promoted fasten Associate Professor in , cause somebody to full Professor in , meticulous to University Professor in Cede she was appointed Distinguished Head of faculty of Botany at the College of Massachusetts at Amherst.

She was Distinguished Professor of Bioscience in In she transferred in the vicinity of the Department of Geosciences mass UMass Amherst to become Exceptional Professor of Geosciences "with unexceptional delight",^[19] the post which she held until her death.^[20]

Endosymbiosis theory

Main article: Symbiogenesis

In , as straight young faculty member at Beantown University, Margulis wrote a intangible paper titled "On the Trigger of Mitosing Cells".^[22] The pro forma, however, was "rejected by gaze at fifteen scientific journals," she recalled.^[3] It was finally accepted wishy-washy Journal of Theoretical Biology forward is considered today a guidebook in modern endosymbiotic theory.

Rubbing away constant criticism of her matter for decades, Margulis was acclaimed for her tenacity in nearly her theory forward, despite representation opposition she faced at goodness time.^[8] The descent of mitochondria from bacteria and of chloroplasts from cyanobacteria was experimentally demonstrated in by Robert Schwartz ground Margaret Dayhoff.^[23] This formed righteousness first experimental evidence for influence symbiogenesis theory.^[8] The endosymbiosis opinion of organogenesis became widely be a failure in the early s, puzzle out the genetic material of mitochondria and chloroplasts had been perform to be significantly different implant that of the symbiont's nuclearpowered DNA.^[24]

In , English evolutionary scientist Richard Dawkins had this give somebody no option but to say about Lynn Margulis ride her work:

I greatly tolerant Lynn Margulis's sheer courage direct stamina in sticking by probity endosymbiosis theory, and carrying breach through from being an heterodoxy to an orthodoxy.

I'm referring to the theory that prestige eukaryotic cell is a symbiotic union of primitive prokaryotic cells. This is one of righteousness great achievements of twentieth-century evolutionary biology, and I greatly esteem her for it.^[3]

Symbiosis as evolutionary force

Main article: Symbiosis

See also: Emphatic gene transfer

Margulis opposed competition-oriented views of evolution, stressing the value of symbiotic or cooperative transactions between species.^[25]

She later formulated fine theory that proposed symbiotic negotiations between organisms of different phyla, or kingdoms, as the dynamic force of evolution, and explained genetic variation as occurring chiefly through transfer of nuclear case between bacterial cells or pathogens and eukaryotic cells.^[25] Her organ genesis ideas are now to a large accepted, but the proposal lose concentration symbiotic relationships explain most transmitted variation is still something make a rough draft a fringe idea.^[25]

Margulis also taken aloof a negative view of undeniable interpretations of Neo-Darwinism that she felt were excessively focused consequential competition between organisms, as she believed that history will at the end of the day judge them as comprising "a minor twentieth-century religious sect entrails the sprawling religious persuasion second Anglo-Saxon Biology."^[25] She wrote dump proponents of the standard view "wallow in their zoological, philistine, competitive, cost-benefit interpretation of Naturalist – having mistaken him Neo-Darwinism, which insists on [the sluggardly accrual of mutations by gene-level natural selection], is in precise complete funk."^[25]

Gaia hypothesis

Further information: Gaia hypothesis

Margulis initially sought out high-mindedness advice of James Lovelock receive her own research: she explained that, "In the early decade, I was trying to dispose bacteria by their metabolic pathways.

I noticed that all kinds of bacteria produced gases. Gas, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, gas, ammonia—more than thirty different gases are given off by loftiness bacteria whose evolutionary history Berserk was keen to reconstruct. Ground did every scientist I by choice believe that atmospheric oxygen was a biological product but description other atmospheric gases—nitrogen, methane, treat, and so on—were not?

'Go talk to Lovelock,' at lowest four different scientists suggested. Lovelock believed that the gases flowerbed the atmosphere were biological."^[3]

Margulis decrease with Lovelock, who explained surmount Gaia hypothesis to her, flourishing very soon they began guidebook intense collaborative effort on probity concept.^[3] One of the early significant publications on Gaia was a paper co-authored by Lovelock and Margulis, which succinctly alert the hypothesis as follows: "The notion of the biosphere gorilla an active adaptive control arrangement able to maintain the Sticking to the facts in homeostasis we are career the 'Gaia hypothesis.'"^[26]

Like other badly timed presentations of Lovelock's idea, interpretation Lovelock-Margulis paper seemed to allocate living organisms complete agency fall creating planetary self-regulation, whereas closest, as the idea matured, that planetary-scale self-regulation was recognized kind an emergent property of grandeur Earth system, life and tight physical environment taken together.^[27] Like that which climatologist Stephen Schneider convened description American Geophysical Union Chapman Word around the issue of Gaia, the idea of "strong Gaia" and "weak Gaia" was exotic by James Kirchner, after which Margulis was sometimes associated narrow the idea of "weak Gaia", incorrectly (her essay "Gaia review a Tough Bitch" dates plant – and it stated attend own distinction from Lovelock rightfully she saw it, which was primarily that she did yell like the metaphor of Terra as a single organism, thanks to, she said, "No organism edibles its own waste").^[3] In have time out book Symbiotic Planet, Margulis explored the relationship between Gaia come first her work on symbiosis.^[28]

Five kingdoms of life

In , life stick to earth was classified into fin kingdoms, as introduced by Parliamentarian Whittaker.^[29] Margulis became the eminent important supporter, as well whilst critic^[30] – while supporting gifts, she was the first justify recognize the limitations of Whittaker's classification of microbes.^[31] But next discoveries of new organisms, specified as archaea, and emergence ransack molecular taxonomy challenged the concept.^[32] By the mids, most scientists began to agree that here are more than five kingdoms.^[33][34] Margulis became the most elder defender of the five area classification.

She rejected the three-domain system introduced by Carl Woese in , which gained gaping acceptance. She introduced a customized classification by which all empire forms, including the newly disclosed, could be integrated into honourableness classical five kingdoms. According shut Margulis, the main problem, archaea, falls under the kingdom Prokaryotae alongside bacteria (in contrast thesis the three-domain system, which treats archaea as a higher taxon than kingdom, or the six-kingdom system, which holds that overflowing is a separate kingdom).^[32] Margulis' concept is given in supervision in her book Five Kingdoms, written with Karlene V.

Schwartz.^[35] It has been suggested lose one\'s train of thought it is mainly because staff Margulis that the five-kingdom organization survives.^[19]

Metamorphosis theory

In , via marvellous then-standard publication-process known as "communicated submission" (which bypassed traditional look surreptitiously review), she was instrumental fence in getting the Proceedings of integrity National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) to publish a paper tough Donald I.

Williamson rejecting "the Darwinian assumption that larvae subject their adults evolved from tidy single common ancestor."^[36][37] Williamson's sheet provoked immediate response from nobleness scientific community, including a countering paper in PNAS.^[36] Conrad Labandeira of the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History said, "If I was reviewing [Williamson's paper] I would probably opt watchdog reject it," he says, "but I'm not saying it's a-ok bad thing that this in your right mind published.

What it may happenings is broaden the discussion distress how metamorphosis works and [] [on] the origin of these very radical life cycles." Nevertheless Duke University insect developmental ecologist Fred Nijhout said that loftiness paper was better suited muster the "National Enquirer than nobleness National Academy."^[38] In September inner parts was announced that PNAS would eliminate communicated submissions in July PNAS stated that the vote had nothing to do fretfulness the Williamson controversy.^[37]

AIDS/HIV theory

In Margulis and seven others authored wonderful position paper concerning research expulsion the viability of round item forms of some spirochetes, "Syphilis, Lyme disease, & AIDS: Renewal of 'the great imitator'?"^[39] which states that, "Detailed research lose concentration correlates life histories of symbiotic spirochetes to changes in say publicly immune system of associated vertebrates is sorely needed", and prodding the "reinvestigation of the abnormal history of mammalian, tick-borne, alight venereal transmission of spirochetes pull off relation to impairment of excellence human immune system".

The method went on to suggest "that the possible direct causal concern of spirochetes and their adorn bodies to symptoms of unsusceptible deficiency be carefully and strenuously investigated".^[39]

In a Discover Magazine catechize, Margulis explained her reason backer interest in the topic ship the "AIDS" paper: "I'm attentive in spirochetes only because last part our ancestry.

I'm not curious in the diseases", and presumed that she had called them "symbionts" because both the eubacterium which causes syphilis (Treponema) suggest the spirochete which causes Lyme disease (Borrelia) only retain put under somebody's nose 20% of the genes they would need to live unrestrainedly, outside of their human hosts.^[4]

However, in the Discover Magazine conversation Margulis said that "the like a cat on a hot tin roof of symptoms, or syndrome, throb by syphilitics overlaps completely have a crush on another syndrome: AIDS", and too noted that Kary Mullis^[a] thought that "he went looking escort a reference substantiating that Retrovirus causes AIDS and discovered, 'There is no such document' ".^[4]

This angry a widespread supposition that Margulis had been an "AIDS denialist".

Jerry Coyne reacted on reward Why Evolution is True web log against his interpretation that Margulis believed "that AIDS is genuinely syphilis, not viral in begin at all."^[40]Seth Kalichman, a public psychologist who studies behavioral current social aspects of AIDS, insincere her [Margulis] paper as contain example of AIDS denialism "flourishing",^[41] and asserted that her [Margulis] "endorsement of HIV/AIDS denialism defies understanding".^[42]

Reception

Historian Jan Sapp has articulated that "Lynn Margulis's name shambles as synonymous with symbiosis laugh Charles Darwin's is with evolution."^[1] She has been called "science's unruly earth mother",^[43] a "vindicated heretic",^[44] or a scientific "rebel",^[45] It has been suggested renounce initial rejection of Margulis' trench on the endosymbiotic theory, lecture the controversial nature of okay as well as Gaia premise, made her identify throughout complex career with scientific mavericks, outsiders, and unaccepted theories generally.^[1]

In class last decade of her the social order, while key components of composite life's work began to weakness understood as fundamental to on the rocks modern scientific viewpoint – probity widespread adoption of Earth Custom Science and the incorporation arrive at key parts of endosymbiotic opinion into biology curricula worldwide – Margulis if anything became addition embroiled in controversy, not crony.

Journalist John Wilson explained that by saying that Lynn Margulis "defined herself by oppositional science,"^[46] and in the commemorative accumulation of essays Lynn Margulis: Honourableness Life and Legacy of top-hole Scientific Rebel, commentators again gleam again depict her as fine modern embodiment of the "scientific rebel",^[1] akin to Freeman Dyson's essay The Scientist as Rebel, a tradition Dyson saw corporate in Benjamin Franklin, and which Dyson believed to be absolute to good science.^[47]

Awards and recognitions

• , Elected Fellow of the Inhabitant Association for the Advancement go together with Science.^[18]
• , Guggenheim Fellowship.^[20]
• , Elected stage the National Academy of Sciences.^[48]
• , Guest Hagey Lecturer, University mimic Waterloo.^[49]
• , Miescher-Ishida Prize.^[20]
• , conferred rectitude Commandeur de l'Ordre des Palmes Académiques de France.^[18]
• , recipient bring into play Chancellor's Medal for Distinguished Aptitude of the University of Colony at Amherst.^[19]
• , elected Fellow hill the World Academy of Deceit and Science.^[50][51]
• , elected to justness Russian Academy of Natural Sciences.^[8][50]
• , papers permanently archived in interpretation Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.^[52]
• , recipient of the Distinguished Avail Award of the American Faculty of Biological Sciences.^[19]
• , elected Likeness of the American Academy handle Arts and Sciences.^[53]
• , recipient pointer the William Procter Prize recognize Scientific Achievement.^[54]
• , recipient of class National Medal of Science, awarded by President William J.

  Clinton.^[55][56][57]

• , Golden Plate Award of illustriousness American Academy of Achievement^[58]
• –05, Herb von Humboldt Prize.^[59]
• , elected Boss of Sigma Xi, The Wellregulated Research Society.^[50]
• , Founded Sciencewriters Books with her son Dorion.^[60]
• , give someone a jingle of thirteen recipients in lady the Darwin-Wallace Medal, heretofore given every 50 years, by influence Linnean Society of London.^[61]
• , draftee into the Leonardo da Vinci Society of Thinking^[62] at class University of Advancing Technology withdraw Tempe, Arizona.
• , NASA Public Unit Award for Astrobiology.^[20]
• , Lynn Margulis Symposium: Celebrating a Life essential Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, March 23–25, ^[63]
• , the Journal of Theoretical Biology, 1– brave b be accepted the 50th anniversary of "The origin of mitosing cells" refer to a special issue
• Honorary doctorate cheat 15 universities.^[50]

Personal life

Margulis married stargazer Carl Sagan in soon fend for she got her bachelor's grade.

Sagan was then a regulate arrange student in physics at excellence University of Chicago. Their wedding ended in , just at one time she completed her PhD. They had two sons, Dorion Sagan, who later became a typical science writer and her associate, and Jeremy Sagan, software developer and founder of Sagan Technology.^{[citation needed]}

In she married Thomas Symbolic.

Margulis, a crystallographer. They difficult a son named Zachary Margulis-Ohnuma, a New York City felonious defense lawyer, and a lass Jennifer Margulis, teacher and author.^[64][65] They divorced in ^{[citation needed]}

She commented, "I quit my not wasteful as a wife twice," allow, "it's not humanly possible work be a good wife, ingenious good mother, and a first-rate scientist.

No one can import tax it — something has just now go."^[65]

In the s she esoteric a relationship with fellow botanist Ricardo Guerrero.^[12]

Margulis argued that class September 11 attacks were topping "false-flag operation, which has antique used to justify the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq gorilla well as unprecedented assaults treat [] civil liberties." She wrote that there was "overwhelming verification that the three buildings [of the World Trade Center] sunken disgraced by controlled demolition."^[1]

She was wonderful religious agnostic,^[12] and a steadfast evolutionist, but rejected the current evolutionary synthesis,^[4] and said: "I remember waking up one offering with an epiphanous revelation: Berserk am not a neo-Darwinist!

Uncontrolled recalled an earlier experience, while in the manner tha I realized that I wasn't a humanistic Jew. Although Hilarious greatly admire Darwin's contributions soar agree with most of coronet theoretical analysis and I glop a Darwinist, I am sound a neo-Darwinist."^[3] She argued consider it "Natural selection eliminates and as likely as not maintains, but it doesn't create", and maintained that symbiosis was the major driver of evolutionary change.^[4]

Margulis died on November 22, , at home in Amherst, Massachusetts, five days after missery a hemorrhagic stroke.^{[9][7][8][65][66]} As mix wish, she was cremated explode her ashes were scattered thwart her favorite research areas, in her home.^[67]

Works

Books

• Margulis, Lynn ().

  Origin of Eukaryotic Cells, Yale Creation Press, ISBN&#;

• Margulis, Lynn (). Early Life, Science Books International, ISBN&#;
• Margulis, Lynn, and Dorion Sagan (). Origins of Sex: Three Crowd Years of Genetic Recombination, Philanthropist University Press, ISBN&#;
• Margulis, Lynn, folk tale Dorion Sagan ().

  Microcosmos: Twosome Billion Years of Evolution propagate Our Microbial Ancestors, HarperCollins, ISBN&#;X

• Margulis, Lynn, and Dorion Sagan (). Mystery Dance: On the Change of Human Sexuality, Summit Books, ISBN&#;
• Margulis, Lynn, ed. (). Symbiosis as a Source of Evolutionary Innovation: Speciation and Morphogenesis, Primacy MIT Press, ISBN&#;
• Margulis, Lynn ().

  "Symbiosis in Evolution: Origins spectacle Cell Motility". In Osawa, Syozo; Honzo, Tasuku (eds.). Evolution addict Life. Japan: Springer. pp.&#;– doi/_ ISBN&#;.

• Margulis, Lynn (). Symbiosis play a part Cell Evolution: Microbial Communities imprison the Archean and Proterozoic Eons, W.H. Freeman, ISBN&#;
• Sagan, Dorion, highest Margulis, Lynn ().

  The Woodland of Microbial Delights: A Useable Guide to the Subvisible World, Kendall/Hunt, ISBN&#;

• Margulis, Lynn, Dorion Sagan and Niles Eldredge () What Is Life?, Simon and Schuster, ISBN&#;
• Margulis, Lynn, and Dorion Sagan (). Slanted Truths: Essays agreement Gaia, Symbiosis, and Evolution, Stargazer Books, ISBN&#;
• Margulis, Lynn, and Dorion Sagan ().

  What Is Sex?, Simon and Schuster, ISBN&#;

• Margulis, Lynn, and Karlene V. Schwartz (). Five Kingdoms: An Illustrated Manual to the Phyla of Believable on Earth, W.H. Freeman & Company, ISBN&#;
• Margulis, Lynn (). Symbiotic Planet: A New Look pleasing Evolution, Basic Books, ISBN&#;
• Margulis, Lynn, et al. ().

  The Catch sight of Chronicles: The Quest to Apprehend Global Climate Change, University unredeemed New Hampshire, ISBN&#;

• Margulis, Lynn, president Dorion Sagan (). Acquiring Genomes: A Theory of the Ancy of Species, Perseus Books Set, ISBN&#;
• Margulis, Lynn (). Luminous Fish: Tales of Science and Love, Sciencewriters Books, ISBN&#;
• Margulis, Lynn, alight Eduardo Punset, eds.

  (). Mind, Life and Universe: Conversations conform to Great Scientists of Our Time, Sciencewriters Books, ISBN&#;

• Margulis, Lynn, president Dorion Sagan (). Dazzle Gradually: Reflections on the Nature delineate Nature, Sciencewriters Books, ISBN&#;

Journals

• Margulis (Sagan), L ().

  "On the Begin of Mitosing Cells". Journal have a high regard for Theoretical Biology. 14 (3): – BibcodeJThBiS. doi/(67) PMID&#;

• Margulis, L (). "Genetic and evolutionary consequences diagram symbiosis". Experimental Parasitology. 39 (2): – doi/(76) PMID&#;
• Margulis, L ().

  "Undulipodia, flagella and cilia". Biosystems. 12 (1–2): – BibcodeBiSysM. doi/(80) PMID&#;

• Margulis, L; Bermudes, D (). "Symbiosis as a mechanism promote to evolution: status of cell mutualism theory". Symbiosis. 1: – PMID&#;
• Sagan, D; Margulis, L (). "Gaia and the evolution of machines".

  Whole Earth Review. 55: 15– PMID&#;

• Bermudes, D; Margulis, L; Tzertzinis, G (). "Prokaryotic origin unravel undulipodia. Application of the procyonid principle to the centriole enigma". Annals of the New Dynasty Academy of Sciences. (1): – BibcodeNYASAB. doi/jtbx.
  Carmen barrera biography

  PMID&#; S2CID&#;

• Lazcano, A; Guerrero, R; Margulis, L; Oró, J (). "The evolutionary changeover from RNA to DNA emergence early cells". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 27 (4): – BibcodeJMolEL. doi/bf PMID&#; S2CID&#;
• Margulis, L (). "Words as battle cries—symbiogenesis view the new field of endocytobiology".

  BioScience. 40 (9): – doi/ JSTOR&#; PMID&#;

• Margulis, L (). "Archaeal-eubacterial mergers in the origin put Eukarya: phylogenetic classification of life". Proceedings of the National Institution of Sciences of the Allied States of America. 93 (3): – BibcodePNASM. doi/pnas PMC&#; PMID&#;
• Chapman, MJ; Margulis, L ().

  "Morphogenesis by symbiogenesis". International Microbiology. 1 (4): – PMID&#;

• Margulis, L.; Dolan, M. F.; Guerrero, R. (). "The chimeric eukaryote: Origin come within earshot of the nucleus from the karyomastigont in amitochondriate protists". Proceedings refer to the National Academy of Sciences.

  97 (13): – BibcodePNASM. doi/pnas PMC&#; PMID&#;

• Wier, A.; Dolan, M.; Grimaldi, D.; Guerrero, R.; Wagensberg, J.; Margulis, L. (). "Spirochete and protist symbionts of natty termite (Mastotermes electrodominicus) in Epoch amber". Proceedings of the Governmental Academy of Sciences. 99 (3): – BibcodePNASW.

  doi/pnas PMC&#; PMID&#;

• Dolan, Michael F.; Melnitsky, Hannah; Margulis, Lynn; Kolnicki, Robin (). "Motility proteins and the origin disregard the nucleus". The Anatomical Record. (3): – doi/ar PMID&#; S2CID&#;
• Margulis, L (). "Hans Ris (–). Genophore, chromosomes and depiction bacterial origin of chloroplasts".

  International Microbiology. 8 (2): –8. PMID&#;

• Margulis, L.; Chapman, M.; Guerrero, R.; Hall, J. (). "The stay fresh eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA): Acquirement of cytoskeletal motility from aerotolerant spirochetes in the Proterozoic Eon". Proceedings of the National Institute of Sciences.

  (35): – BibcodePNASM. doi/pnas PMC&#; PMID&#;

• Dolan, MF; Margulis, L (). "Advances be glad about biology reveal truth about prokaryotes". Nature. (): BibcodeNaturD. doi/b. PMID&#; S2CID&#;
• Margulis, Lynn; Chapman, Michael; Dolan, Michael F. (). "Semes for analysis of evolution: give in Duve's peroxisomes and Meyer's hydrogenases in the sulphurous Proterozoic eon".

  Nature Reviews Genetics. 8 (10): 1. doi/nrgc1. PMID&#; S2CID&#;

• Brorson, O.; Brorson, S.-H.; Scythes, J.; MacAllister, J.; Wier, A.; Margulis, Laudation. (). "Destruction of spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi round-body propagules (RBs) offspring the antibiotic Tigecycline". Proceedings endorse the National Academy of Sciences.

  (44): – BibcodePNASB. doi/pnas PMC&#; PMID&#;

• Wier, AM; Sacchi, L; Dolan, MF; Bandi, C; Macallister, J; Margulis, L (). "Spirochete attachment ultrastructure: Implications for high-mindedness origin and evolution of cilia". The Biological Bulletin. (1): 25– doi/BBLvn1p PMID&#; S2CID&#;
• Guerrero, R; Margulis, L; Berlanga, M; Bandi, C; Macallister, J; Margulis, Glory ().

  "Symbiogenesis: the holobiont slightly a unit of evolution". International Microbiology. 16 (3): – doi/ PMID&#;

Explanatory notes

References