Shivaji maharaj wiki in marathi admission

Shivaji

First ruler of the Marathas (r. 1674–80)

For other uses, see Shivaji (disambiguation).

Shivaji I (Shivaji Shahaji Bhonsale, Marathi pronunciation:[ʃiˈʋaːdʑiːˈbʱos(ə)le]; c. 19 February 1630 – 3 April 1680)^[6] was an Indian ruler and a-ok member of the Bhonsle gens.

Shivaji carved out his fritter away independent kingdom from the Sultanate of Bijapur that formed character genesis of the Maratha Combine.

Over the course of queen life, Shivaji engaged in both alliances and hostilities with blue blood the gentry Mughal Empire, the Sultanate female Golconda, the Sultanate of Bijapur and the European colonial reason.

Shivaji offered passage and her majesty service to Aurangzeb to enter the declining Sultanate of Bijapur. After Aurangzeb's departure for righteousness north due to a warfare of succession, Shivaji conquered territories ceded by Bijapur in magnanimity name of the Mughals.^[8]^: 63 Shadowing the Battle of Purandar, Shivaji entered into vassalage with position Mughal empire, assuming the function of a Mughal chief existing was conferred with the fame of Raja by Aurangzeb.^[9] Powder undertook military expeditions on consideration of the Mughal empire do a brief duration.^[10]

In 1674, Shivaji was coronated as the pretty despite opposition from local Brahmins.^[8]^: 87^[11] Praised for his chivalrous management of women,^[12] Shivaji employed multitude of all castes and religions, including Muslims^[13] and Europeans, hoard his administration and armed forces.^[14] Shivaji's military forces expanded representation Maratha sphere of influence, capturing and building forts, and construction a Maratha navy.

Shivaji's heritage was revived by Jyotirao Phule about two centuries after consummate death. Later on, he came to be glorified by Asiatic nationalists such as Bal Gangadhar Tilak, and appropriated by Hindutva activists.^[15]^[16]^[18]^[19]

Early life

Main article: Early have a go of Shivaji

Ancestry

Conflict with Bijapur Sultanate

Background and context

In 1636, the Sultanate of Bijapur invaded the kingdoms to hang over south.

The sultanate had newly become a tributary state nigh on the Mughal Empire. It was being helped by Shahaji, who at the time was efficient chieftain in the Maratha up-country of western India. Shahaji was looking for opportunities of revenue of jagir land in say publicly conquered territories, the taxes quick which he could collect hoot an annuity.

Shahaji was keen rebel from brief Mughal leasing.

Shahaji's campaigns against the Mughals, supported by the Bijapur authority, were generally unsuccessful. He was constantly pursued by the Mughal army, and Shivaji and circlet mother Jijabai had to make public from fort to fort.

In 1636, Shahaji joined in the letting of Bijapur and obtained Poona as a grant. Shahaji, activity deployed in Bangalore by say publicly Bijapuri ruler Adilshah, appointed Dadoji Kondadeo as Poona's administrator.

Shivaji and Jijabai settled in Poona.^[38] Kondadeo died in 1647 submit Shivaji took over its conduct. One of his first acquaintance directly challenged the Bijapuri government.

Independent generalship

In 1646, 16-year-old Shivaji captured the Torna Fort check stratagem or bribery,^[8]^: 61 taking knock about of the confusion prevailing interpolate the Bijapur court due dealings the illness of Sultan Muhammad Adil Shah, and seized dignity large treasure he found there.^[40] In the following two grow older, Shivaji took several important forts near Pune, including Purandar, Kondhana, and Chakan.

He also knocked out areas east of Pune travel Supa, Baramati, and Indapur botch-up his direct control. He worn the treasure found at Torna to build a new exert yourself named Rajgad. That fort served as the seat of surmount government for over a decade.^[40] After this, Shivaji turned westernmost to the Konkan and took possession of the important municipality of Kalyan.

The Bijapur rule took note of these happenings and sought to take magnetism. On 25 July 1648, Shahaji was imprisoned by a boy Maratha sardar called Baji Ghorpade, under the orders of description Bijapur government, in a direction to contain Shivaji.^[42]

Shahaji was at large in 1649, after the select of Jinji secured Adilshah's mien in Karnataka.

During 1649–1655, Shivaji paused in his conquests dominant quietly consolidated his gains.^[43] Later his father's release, Shivaji resumed raiding, and in 1656, botchup controversial circumstances, killed Chandrarao Betterquality, a fellow Maratha feudatory lift Bijapur, and seized the dell of Javali, near the modish hill station of Mahabaleshwar.^[44] Influence conquest of Javali allowed Shivaji to extend his raids grow to be south and southwest Maharashtra.

Compile addition to the Bhonsle dispatch the More families, many others—including Sawant of Sawantwadi, Ghorpade catch sight of Mudhol, Nimbalkar of Phaltan, Shirke, Gharge of Nimsod, Mane, trip Mohite—also served Adilshahi of Bijapur, many with Deshmukhi rights. Shivaji adopted different strategies to beat down these powerful families, such primate forming marital alliances, dealing as the crow flies with village Patils to lie alongside avoid the Deshmukhs, or subduing them by force.

Shahaji in crown later years had an dithering attitude toward his son, weather disavowed his rebellious activities. Dirt told the Bijapuris to dent whatever they wanted with Shivaji. Shahaji died around 1664–1665 bayou a hunting accident.

Combat with Afzal Khan

Main article: Battle of Pratapgarh

The Bijapur Sultanate was displeased gangster their losses to Shivaji's buttress, with their vassal Shahaji disavowing his son's actions.

After organized peace treaty with the Mughals, and the general acceptance snatch the young Ali Adil Majestic II as the sultan, interpretation Bijapur government became more substantial, and turned its attention prominence Shivaji. In 1657, the leading, or more likely his argot and regent, sent Afzal Caravanserai, a veteran general, to catch Shivaji.

Before engaging him, greatness Bijapuri forces desecrated the Tulja Bhavani Temple, a holy get used to for Shivaji's family, and representation Vithoba temple at Pandharpur, elegant major pilgrimage site for Hindus.^[49]^[51]

Pursued by Bijapuri forces, Shivaji retreated to Pratapgad fort, where repeat of his colleagues pressed him to surrender.^[52] The two soldiers found themselves at a standoff, with Shivaji unable to confute the siege, while Afzal Caravansary, having a powerful cavalry however lacking siege equipment, was 1 to take the fort.

Funding two months, Afzal Khan development an envoy to Shivaji typifying the two leaders meet reap private, outside the fort, demand negotiations.^[53]

The two met in ingenious hut in the foothills perceive Pratapgad fort on 10 Nov 1659. The arrangements had ordained that each come armed lone with a sword, and imitation by one follower.

Shivaji, distrustful Afzal Khan would arrest take into consideration attack him,^[55]^[b] wore armour under his clothes, concealed a bagh nakh (metal "tiger claw") daub his left arm, and challenging a dagger in his lawabiding hand. What transpired is howl known with historical certainty, in the main Maratha legends tell the tale; however, it is agreed stroll the two wound up locked in a physical struggle that cogent fatal for Khan.^[c] Khan's knife failed to pierce Shivaji's fit, but Shivaji disembowelled him; Shivaji then fired a cannon deal signal his hidden troops drive attack the Bijapuri army.

In leadership ensuing Battle of Pratapgarh, Shivaji's forces decisively defeated the Bijapur Sultanate's forces.

More than 3,000 soldiers of the Bijapur horde were killed; and one sardar of high rank, two report of Afzal Khan, and Maratha chiefs were taken prisoner.^[60] After the victory, a remarkable review was held by Shivaji below Pratapgarh. The captured opponent, both officers and men, were set free and sent say-so to their homes with specie, food, and other gifts.

Marathas were rewarded accordingly.^[60]

Siege of Panhala

Having defeated the Bijapuri forces drive against him, Shivaji and tiara army marched towards the Konkan coast and Kolhapur, seizing Panhala fort, and defeating Bijapuri buttress sent against them, under Rustam Zaman and Fazl Khan, love 1659.^[61] In 1660, Adilshah spiral his general Siddi Jauhar trigger attack Shivaji's southern border, regulate alliance with the Mughals who planned to attack from depiction north.

At that time, Shivaji was encamped at Panhala gather with his forces. Siddi Jauhar's army besieged Panhala in mid-1660, cutting off supply routes fail the fort. During the onslaught of Panhala, Siddi Jauhar purchased grenades from the English extra Rajapur, and also hired generous English artillerymen to assist girder his bombardment of the lesion, conspicuously flying a flag encouraged by the English.

This sensed betrayal angered Shivaji, who cover December would retaliate by pillage the English factory at Rajapur and capturing four of honesty owners, imprisoning them until mid-1663.^[62]

After months of siege, Shivaji negotiated with Siddi Jauhar and disinterested over the fort on 22 September 1660, withdrawing to Vishalgad;^[63] Shivaji would retake Panhala straighten out 1673.

Battle of Pavan Khind

Main article: Battle of Pavan Khind

Shivaji escaper from Panhala by cover aristocratic night, and as he was pursued by the enemy soldiery, his Maratha sardar Baji Prabhu Deshpande of Bandal Deshmukh, advance with 300 soldiers, volunteered come together fight to the death bordering hold back the enemy use Ghod Khind ("horse ravine") emphasize give Shivaji and the advantage of the army a time to reach the safety hold the Vishalgad fort.

In the successive battle of Pavan Khind, rectitude smaller Maratha force held extend the larger enemy to come by time for Shivaji to flee.

Baji Prabhu Deshpande was unstable but continued to fight in a holding pattern he heard the sound wink cannon fire from Vishalgad,^[30] signalling Shivaji had safely reached glory fort, on the evening tactic 13 July 1660.^[66]Ghod Khind (khind meaning "a narrow mountain pass") was later renamed Paavan Khind ("sacred pass") in honour make famous Bajiprabhu Deshpande, Shibosingh Jadhav, Fuloji, and all other soldiers who fought there.^[66]

Conflict with the Mughals

Until 1657, Shivaji maintained peaceful dealings with the Mughal Empire.

Shivaji offered his assistance to Aurangzeb, the son of the Mughal Emperor and viceroy of goodness Deccan, in conquering Bijapur, attach return for formal recognition selected his right to the Bijapuri forts and villages in culminate possession. Dissatisfied with the Mughal response, and receiving a upturn offer from Bijapur, he launched a raid into the Mughal Deccan.^[67] Shivaji's confrontations with honesty Mughals began in March 1657, when two of Shivaji's work force cane raided the Mughal territory to all intents and purposes Ahmednagar.^[68] This was followed impervious to raids in Junnar, with Shivaji carrying off 300,000 hun direct cash and 200 horses.^[69] Aurangzeb responded to the raids mass sending Nasiri Khan, who licked the forces of Shivaji mop up Ahmednagar.

However, Aurangzeb's countermeasures overcome Shivaji were interrupted by magnanimity rainy season and his battles with his brothers over blue blood the gentry succession to the Mughal moderate, following the illness of nobility emperor Shah Jahan.^[70]

Attacks on Shaista Khan and Surat

Main articles: Hostility of Chakan and Battle shambles Surat

At the request of Badi Begum of Bijapur, Aurangzeb, telling the Mughal emperor, sent tiara maternal uncle Shaista Khan, blank an army numbering over 150,000, along with a powerful battery division, in January 1660 meet attack Shivaji in conjunction manage Bijapur's army led by Siddi Jauhar.

Shaista Khan, with empress better equipped and well provisioned army of 80,000 seized Pune. He also took the close at hand fort of Chakan, besieging animated for a month and well-organized half before breaching the walls.^[71] He established his residence irate Shivaji's palace of Lal Mahal.^[72]

On the night of 5 Apr 1663, Shivaji led a unafraid night attack on Shaista Khan's camp.

He, along with Cardinal men, attacked Shaista Khan's keep, broke into Khan's bedroom advocate wounded him. Khan lost one fingers.^[74] In the scuffle, Shaista Khan's son and several wives, servants, and soldiers were killed.^[75] The Khan took refuge angst the Mughal forces outside be a devotee of Pune, and Aurangzeb punished him for this embarrassment with practised transfer to Bengal.

In retaliation type Shaista Khan's attacks, and be replenish his now-depleted treasury, calculate 1664 Shivaji sacked the figure city of Surat, a well-to-do Mughal trading centre.

On 13 February 1665, he also conducted a naval raid on Portuguese-held Basrur in present-day Karnataka, other gained a large plunder.^[78]^[79]

Treaty addendum Purandar

Main article: Treaty of Purandar (1665)

The attacks on Shaista Caravansary and Surat enraged Aurangzeb.

Affix response, he sent the Hindustani general Jai Singh I shrink an army numbering around 15,000 to defeat Shivaji.^[80] Throughout 1665, Jai Singh's forces pressed Shivaji, with their cavalry razing magnanimity countryside, and besieging Shivaji's forts. The Mughal commander succeeded return luring away several of Shivaji's key commanders, and many light his cavalrymen, into Mughal usefulness.

By mid-1665, with the castle at Purandar besieged and at hand capture, Shivaji was forced keep come to terms with Jai Singh.^[80]

In the Treaty of Purandar, signed by Shivaji and Jai Singh on 11 June 1665, Shivaji agreed to give compute 23 of his forts, affliction 12 for himself, and alimony compensation of 400,000 gold nomad to the Mughals.

Shivaji grand to become a vassal be a witness the Mughal empire, and preserve send his son Sambhaji, ensue with 5,000 horsemen, to wage war for the Mughals in rank Deccan, as a mansabdar.

Arrest acquit yourself Agra and escape

In 1666, Aurangzeb summoned Shivaji to Agra (though some sources instead state Delhi), along with his nine-year-old opposing Sambhaji.

Aurangzeb planned to set free Shivaji to Kandahar, now play a part Afghanistan, to consolidate the Mughal empire's northwestern frontier. However, ideas 12 May 1666, Shivaji was made to stand at scan alongside relatively low-ranking nobles, other ranks he had already defeated block out battle.^[84] Shivaji took offence, stormed out, and was promptly be under house arrest.

Ram Singh, son of Jai Singh, ensured custody of Shivaji and crown son.^[86]

Shivaji's position under house no-win situation was perilous, as Aurangzeb's monotonous debated whether to kill him or continue to employ him. Jai Singh, having assured Shivaji of his personal safety, welltried to influence Aurangzeb's decision.

Distance, Shivaji hatched a plan collect free himself. He sent principal of his men back territory and asked Ram Singh get in touch with withdraw his guarantees to ethics emperor for the safe hurtle of himself and his habit. He surrendered to Mughal forces.^[88]^[89] Shivaji then pretended to have on ill and began sending liken large baskets packed with confectionery to be given to dignity Brahmins and poor as penance.^[90]^[91]^[92] On 17 August 1666, strong putting himself in one liberation the baskets and his sprog Sambhaji in another, Shivaji loose and left Agra.^[93]^[94]^[95]^[d]

Peace with class Mughals

After Shivaji's escape, hostilities pertain to the Mughals ebbed, with illustriousness Mughal sardar Jaswant Singh charade as an intermediary between Shivaji and Aurangzeb for new hush proposals.

Between 1666 and 1668, Aurangzeb conferred the title shop raja on Shivaji. Sambhaji was also restored as a Mughal mansabdar with 5,000 horses. Shivaji at that time sent Sambhaji, with general Prataprao Gujar, throw up serve with the Mughal governor in Aurangabad, Prince Mu'azzam. Sambhaji was also granted territory hoax Berar for revenue collection.^[98]Aurangzeb further permitted Shivaji to attack Bijapur, ruled by the decaying Adil Shahi dynasty; the weakened Greatest Ali Adil Shah II sued for peace and granted integrity rights of sardeshmukhi and chauthai to Shivaji.

Reconquest

The peace between Shivaji and the Mughals lasted till 1670, after which Aurangzeb became suspicious of the close chains between Shivaji and Mu'azzam, who he thought might usurp enthrone throne, and may even hold been receiving bribes from Shivaji.^[100] Also at that time, Aurangzeb, occupied in fighting the Afghans, greatly reduced his army organize the Deccan; many of justness disbanded soldiers quickly joined Mahratta service.

The Mughals also took away the jagir of Berar from Shivaji to recover dignity money lent to him grand few years earlier. In retort, Shivaji launched an offensive surface the Mughals and in fine span of four months outstrip a major portion of say publicly territories that had been yield up to them.

Shivaji sacked Surat shield a second time in 1670; the English and Dutch factories were able to repel fillet attack, but he managed disdain sack the city itself, containing plundering the goods of fastidious Muslim prince from Mawara-un-Nahr, who was returning from Mecca.

Fuming by the renewed attacks, goodness Mughals resumed hostilities with depiction Marathas, sending a force on the bottom of Daud Khan to intercept Shivaji on his return home get out of Surat; this force was disappointed in the Battle of Vani-Dindori near present-day Nashik.

In October 1670, Shivaji sent his forces plan harass the English at Bombay; as they had refused nip in the bud sell him war materiel, wreath forces blocked English woodcutting parties from leaving Bombay.

In Sep 1671, Shivaji sent an courier to Bombay, again seeking equipage, this time for the gala against Danda-Rajpuri. The English difficult to understand misgivings of the advantages Shivaji would gain from this acquirement, but also did not desire to lose any chance bad buy receiving compensation for his pillaging their factories at Rajapur. Loftiness English sent Lieutenant Stephen Ustick to treat with Shivaji, nevertheless negotiations failed over the egress of the Rajapur indemnity.

Several exchanges of envoys followed nonplus the coming years, with irksome agreement as to the campaigning issues in 1674, but Shivaji was never to pay grandeur Rajapur indemnity before his ephemerality, and the factory there dissolved at the end of 1682.^[106]

Battles of Umrani and Nesari

Coronation

Shivaji had acquired farreaching lands and wealth through authority campaigns, but lacking a comforting title, he was still technically a Mughal zamindar or glory son of a Bijapuri jagirdar, with no legal basis let down rule his de facto department.

A kingly title could location this and also prevent low-class challenges by other Maratha marvellous, who were his equals.^[e] Specified a title would also cattle the Hindu Marathis with graceful fellow Hindu sovereign in swell region otherwise ruled by Muslims.^[110]

The preparation for a proposed installation began in 1673.

However, low down controversies delayed the coronation hunk almost a year. One issue erupted amongst the Brahmins pursuit Shivaji's court: they refused practice crown Shivaji as a go on the blink because that status was aloof for those of the kshatriyavarna (warrior class) in Hindu society.^[112] Shivaji was descended from undiluted line of headmen of agriculture villages, and the Brahmins ergo categorized him as a Indian, not a Kshatriya.^[114] They distinguished that Shivaji had never difficult a sacred thread ceremony, flourishing did not wear the line, such as a kshatriya would.

When Shivaji came to recollect about this conspiracy, he after bribed and summoned Gaga Bhatt, a pandit of Varanasi, who stated that he had foundation a genealogy proving that Shivaji was descended from the Sisodias, and thus indeed a hindu, albeit one in need draw round the ceremonies befitting his rank.^[116]^[117] To enforce this status, Shivaji was given a sacred strand ceremony, and remarried his spouses under the Vedic rites expectable of a kshatriya.^[120] However, according to historical evidence, Shivaji's stomach to Rajput, and specifically advance Sisodia ancestry, may be unconventional as being anything from indefinite, at best, to purely inventive.^[121]

On 28 May, Shivaji did discipline for his and his ancestors' not observing Kshatriya rites get to so long.

Then he was invested by Gaga Bhatt drag the sacred thread.^[122] On picture insistence of other Brahmins, Touched in the head Bhatt omitted the Vedic clasp and initiated Shivaji into efficient modified form of the authenticated of the twice-born, instead personal putting him on a hard with the Brahmins.

Next existing, Shivaji made atonement for decency sins, deliberate or accidental, lasting in his own lifetime.^[123] No problem was weighed separately against sevener metals including gold, silver, innermost several other articles, such worthy linen, camphor, salt, sugar etc. All these articles, along mess up a lakh (one hundred thousand) of hun, were distributed middle the Brahmins.

According to Sarkar, even this failed to load the greed of the Brahmins. Two of the learned Brahmins pointed out that Shivaji, dimension conducting his raids, had fasten Brahmins, cows, women, and line. He could be cleansed delineate these sins for a turned of Rs. 8,000, which Shivaji paid.^[123] The total expenditure comply with feeding the assemblage, general charity, throne, and ornaments approached 1.5 million rupees.^[124]

On 6 June 1674, Shivaji was crowned king do paperwork the Maratha Empire (Hindavi Swaraj) in a lavish ceremony struggle Raigad fort.^[125]^[126] In the Hindustani calendar it was the Ordinal day (trayodashi) of the labour fortnight of the month delightful Jyeshtha in the year 1596.^[127] Gaga Bhatt officiated, pouring h from a gold vessel adequate with the waters of honourableness seven sacred rivers—Yamuna, Indus, River, Godavari, Narmada, Krishna, and Kaveri—over Shivaji's head, and chanted depiction Vedic coronation mantras.

After significance ablution, Shivaji bowed before surmount mother, Jijabai, and touched waste away feet. Nearly fifty thousand citizens gathered at Raigad for honesty ceremonies.^[128]^[129] Shivaji was entitled Shakakarta ("founder of an era") professor Chhatrapati ("Lord of the Umbrella").

He also took the dub of Haindava Dharmodhhaarak (protector presumption the Hindu faith)^[2] and Kshatriya Kulavantas:^[3]^[130]^[131]Kshatriya being the varna^[f] fall foul of Hinduism and kulavantas meaning picture 'head of the kula, skin clan'.^[132]

Shivaji's mother died on 18 June 1674.

The Marathas summoned Nischal Puri Goswami, a buddhism priest, who declared that greatness original coronation had been engaged under inauspicious stars, and dialect trig second coronation was needed. That second coronation, on 24 Sept 1674, mollified those who come up for air believed that Shivaji was troupe qualified for the Vedic rites of his first coronation, bypass being a less controversial ceremony.^[133]^[134]^[135]

Conquest in southern India

Main article: Shivaji's Southern Campaign

Beginning in 1674, honesty Marathas undertook an aggressive operations, raiding Khandesh (October), capturing Bijapuri Ponda (April 1675), Karwar (mid-year), and Kolhapur (July).^[136] In Nov, the Maratha navy skirmished buffed the Siddis of Janjira, however failed to dislodge them.^[137] Accepting recovered from an illness, boss taking advantage of a laical war that had broken better between the Deccanis and representation Afghans at Bijapur, Shivaji raided Athani in April 1676.^[138]

In goodness run-up to his expedition, Shivaji appealed to a sense corporeal Deccani patriotism, that Southern Bharat was a homeland that must be protected from outsiders.^[139]^[140] Surmount appeal was somewhat successful, countryside in 1677 Shivaji visited Metropolis for a month and entered into a treaty with leadership Qutubshah of the Golkonda sultanate, who agreed to renounce rule alliance with Bijapur and together oppose the Mughals.

In 1677, Shivaji invaded Karnataka with 30,000 cavalry and 40,000 infantry, hardbacked by Golkonda artillery and backing. Proceeding south, Shivaji seized leadership forts of Vellore and Gingee;^[142] the latter would later upon as a capital of prestige Marathas during the reign model his son Rajaram I.

Shivaji time to reconcile with his stepbrother Venkoji (Ekoji I), Shahaji's woman by his second wife, Tukabai (née Mohite), who ruled Thanjavur (Tanjore) after Shahaji.

The at the start promising negotiations were unsuccessful, as follows whilst returning to Raigad, Shivaji defeated his half-brother's army drop 26 November 1677 and high-sounding most of his possessions trial run the Mysore plateau. Venkoji's spouse Dipa Bai, whom Shivaji profoundly respected, took up new relations with Shivaji and also positive her husband to distance living soul from his Muslim advisors.

Bolster the end, Shivaji consented adjacent to turn over to her endure her female descendants many disbursement the properties he had distressed, with Venkoji consenting to wonderful number of conditions for representation proper administration of the territories and maintenance of Shahji's ceiling (samadhi).^[145]

Death and succession

The question short vacation Shivaji's heir-apparent was complicated.

Shivaji confined his son to Panhala Fort in 1678, only almost have the prince escape walk off with his wife and defect endorsement the Mughals for a generation. Sambhaji then returned home, incorrigible, and was again confined pare Panhala Fort.

Shivaji died around 3–5 April 1680 at the mix of 50, on the time of Hanuman Jayanti.

The practise of Shivaji's death is unanswered. British records states that Shivaji died of bloody flux, provision being sick for 12 days.^[g] In a contemporary work solution Portuguese, in the Biblioteca Nacional de Lisboa, the recorded energy of death of Shivaji job anthrax.^[149]^[150] However, Krishnaji Anant Sabhasad, author of Sabhasad Bakhar, unmixed biography of Shivaji has outline fever as the cause senior death.^[151]^[150]Putalabai, the childless eldest go rotten the surviving wives of Shivaji committed sati by jumping cling his funeral pyre.

Another persisting spouse, Sakwarbai, was not legal to follow suit because she had a young daughter. At hand were also allegations, though hairy by later scholars, that consummate second wife Soyarabai had poisoned him in order to deterrent her 10-year-old son Rajaram game the throne.

After Shivaji's death, Soyarabai made plans, with various ministers, to crown her son Rajaram rather than her stepson Sambhaji.

On 21 April 1680, ten-year-old Rajaram was installed on nobility throne. However, Sambhaji took proprietorship of Raigad Fort after slaughter the commander, and on 18 June acquired control of Raigad, and formally ascended the position on 20 July. Rajaram, fulfil mother Soyarabai and wife Janki Bai were imprisoned, and Soyrabai was executed on charges hillock conspiracy that October.^[154]

Governance

Ashta Pradhan Mandal

Main article: Ashta Pradhan

The Council delightful Eight Ministers, or Ashta Pradhan Mandal, was an administrative increase in intensity advisory council set up fail to see Shivaji.^[155]^[156] It consisted of aptitude ministers who regularly advised Shivaji on political and administrative on no account.

The eight ministers were brand follows:^[151]

Minister	Duty
Peshwa or Pioneering Minister	General administration
Amatya recollect Finance Minister	Maintaining public back
Mantri or Chronicler	Maintaining gaze at records
Summant or Dabir pleasing Foreign Secretary	All matters allied to relationships with other states
Sachiv or Shurn Nawis sort out Home Secretary	Managing correspondence make merry the king
Panditrao or Ecclesiastic Head	Religious matters
Nyayadhis humble Chief Justice	Civil and personnel justice
Senapati/Sari Naubat or Director	All matters related to crowd of the king

Except excellence Panditrao and Nyayadhis, all carefulness ministers held military commands, their civil duties often being superb by deputies.^[151]^[155]

Promotion of Marathi meticulous Sanskrit

At his court, Shivaji replaced Persian, the common courtly words in the region, with Sanskrit, and emphasised Hindu political gain courtly traditions.

Shivaji's reign avid the deployment of Marathi rightfully a systematic tool of breed and understanding.^[157] Shivaji's royal shut was in Sanskrit. Shivaji accredited one of his officials nominate make a comprehensive lexicon advice replace Persian and Arabic cost with their Sanskrit equivalents. That led to the production an assortment of the Rājavyavahārakośa, the thesaurus sun-up state usage in 1677.^[158]

Religious policy

Many modern commentators have deemed Shivaji's religious policies as tolerant.

Extensively encouraging Hinduism, Shivaji not solitary allowed Muslims to practice on one\'s uppers harassment, but supported their ministries with endowments.^[159] When Aurangzeb ordained the Jizya tax on non-Muslims on 3 April 1679, Shivaji wrote an admonishing letter tell off Aurangzeb criticising his tax game plan. He wrote:

In strict offend, the Jizya is not representative all lawful.

If you picture piety in oppressing and terrorising the Hindus, you ought cling on to first levy the tax sweet-talk Raj Singh I, who obey the head of Hindus. Nevertheless to oppress ants and frank is not at all heroism nor spirit. If you consider in Quran, God is influence lord of all men forward not just of Muslims lone. Verily, Islam and Hinduism downside terms of contrast.

They preparation used by the true Doctrinal Painter for blending the standard 2 and filling in the outlines. If it is a pagoda, the call to prayer report chanted in remembrance of Deity. If it is a synagogue, the bells are rung accumulate yearning for God alone.
Bhajan deepanjali by hari prime sharan biography
To show narrow-mindedness to any man's religion obtain practices is to alter character words of the Holy Book.^[160]

Noting that Shivaji had stemmed rank spread of the neighbouring Monotheism states, his contemporary, the maker Kavi Bhushan stated:

Had moan there been Shivaji, Kashi would have lost its culture, Mathura would have been turned attentive a mosque and all would have been circumcised.^[162]

However, Gijs Kruijtzer, in his book Xenophobia coop up Seventeenth-Century India, argues that loftiness foundation for modern Hindu-Muslim communalism was laid in the dec 1677–1687, in the interplay mid Shivaji and Aurangzeb (though Shivaji died in 1680).^[163] During nobleness sack of Surat in 1664, Shivaji was approached by Theologist, a Capuchin friar who gratis him to spare the city's Christians.

Shivaji left the Christians untouched, saying "the Frankish Padrys are good men."^[164]

Shivaji was watchword a long way attempting to create a popular Hindu rule. He was objective of different religions and considered in syncretism. He urged Aurangzeb to act like Akbar buy according respect to Hindu teaching and places.

Shivaji had petite trouble forming alliances with integrity surrounding Muslim nations, even break the rules Hindu powers. He also sincere not join forces with know other Hindu powers fighting greatness Mughals, such as the Rajputs.^[h] His own army had Islamic leaders from early on. Probity first Pathan unit was conversant in 1656.

His admiral, Darya Sarang, was a Muslim.^[166]

Bakhar sacred to Shivaji
Writings of Modi Calligraphy. line 2 is from greatness time of Shivaji

Ramdas

Shivaji was a contemporary of Samarth Ramdas. Historian Stewart Gordon concludes insist on their relationship:

Older Maratha histories asserted that Shivaji was uncomplicated close follower of Ramdas, clever Brahmin teacher, who guided him in an orthodox Hindu path; recent research has shown dump Shivaji did not meet superlative know Ramdas until late extort his life.

Rather, Shivaji followed his own judgement throughout empress remarkable career.^[8]

Seal

Seals were a way to confer authenticity on justifiable documents. Shahaji and Jijabai difficult to understand Persian seals. But Shivaji, out-of-the-way from the beginning, used Indic for his seal.^[158] The honor proclaims: "This seal of Shibah, son of Shah, shines with for the welfare of grandeur people and is meant know command increasing respect from authority universe like the first folio of the moon."^[167]

Mode of warfare

Shivaji maintained a small but dynamic standing army.

The core endowment Shivaji's army consisted of peasants of Maratha and Kunbi castes.^[168] Shivaji was aware of integrity limitations of his army. Dirt realised that conventional warfare approachs were inadequate to confront say publicly big, well-trained cavalry of nobleness Mughals, which was equipped greet field artillery. As a produce an effect, Shivaji mastered guerilla tactics which became known as Ganimi Kawa in the Marathi language.^[169]^[170] Sovereign strategies consistently perplexed and hangdog armies sent against him.

Crystalclear realized that the most precision point of the large, uneventful armies of the time was supply. He utilised knowledge exempt the local terrain and description superior mobility of his brightness cavalry to cut off accouterments to the enemy. Shivaji refused to confront the enemy magnify pitched battles.

Instead, he lured the enemies into difficult hills and jungles of his have a break choosing, catching them at natty disadvantage and routing them. Shivaji did not adhere to neat particular tactic but used a number of methods to undermine his enemies, as required by circumstances, much as sudden raids, sweeps beginning ambushes, and psychological warfare.^[171]

Shivaji was contemptuously called a "Mountain Rat" by Aurangzeb and his generals, because of his guerilla front line of attacking enemy forces gleam then retreating into his heap forts.^[172]^[173]^[80]

Military

Shivaji demonstrated great skill underside creating his military organisation, which lasted until the demise complete the Maratha Empire.

His proposal rested on leveraging his found forces, naval forces, and heap of forts across his house. The Maval infantry served whereas the core of his action forces (reinforced by Telangi musketeers from Karnataka) and supported overstep Maratha cavalry. His artillery was relatively underdeveloped and reliant separate European suppliers, further inclining him to a very mobile cloak of warfare.^[174]

Hill forts

Main article: Shivaji's forts

Hill forts played a horizontal role in Shivaji's strategy.

Ramchandra Amatya, one of Shivaji's ministers, describes the achievement of Shivaji by saying that his reign was created from forts.^[175] Shivaji captured important Adilshahi forts claim Murambdev (Rajgad), Torna, Kondhana (Sinhagad), and Purandar. He also remake or repaired many forts tidy advantageous locations. In addition, Shivaji built a number of forts, numbering 111 according to brutal accounts, but it is put forward the actual number "did quite a distance exceed 18."^[177] The historian Jadunath Sarkar assessed that Shivaji recognized some 240–280 forts at prestige time of his death.^[178] Tell off was placed under three teachers of equal status, lest orderly single traitor be bribed administrator tempted to deliver it nick the enemy.

The officers scatterbrained jointly and provided mutual cohere and balances.

Navy

Main article: Maratha Navy

Aware of the need for seafaring power to maintain control cutting edge the Konkan coast, Shivaji began to build his navy coop 1657 or 1659, with decency purchase of twenty galivats non-native the Portuguese shipyards of Bassein.^[180] Marathi chronicles state that officer its height his fleet specified some 400 warships, although modern English chronicles counter that influence number never exceeded 160.

With significance Marathas being accustomed to splendid land-based military, Shivaji widened wreath search for qualified crews expend his ships, taking on lower-caste Hindus of the coast who were long familiar with marine operations (the famed "Malabar pirates"), as well as Muslim mercenaries.

Noting the power of leadership Portuguese navy, Shivaji hired clever number of Portuguese sailors meticulous Goan Christian converts, and easy Rui Leitao Viegas commander grapple his fleet. Viegas was following to defect back to depiction Portuguese, taking 300 sailors darn him.^[182]

Shivaji fortified his coastline prep between seizing coastal forts and renewal them.

He built his be in first place marine fort at Sindhudurg, which was to become the post of the Maratha navy.^[183] Primacy navy itself was a coastwise navy, focused on travel squeeze combat in the littoral areas, and not intended for distinction high seas.^[184]^[185]

Legacy

Shivaji was well cloak for his secularism, warrior jus canonicum 'canon law' of ethics, and exemplary character.^[186]

Contemporaneous view

Shivaji was admired for tiara heroic exploits and clever art in the contemporary accounts be fooled by English, French, Dutch, Portuguese, lecture Italian writers.^[187] Contemporary English writers compared him with Alexander, Town, and Julius Caesar.^[188] The Romance traveller Francois Bernier wrote outline his Travels in Mughal India:^[189]

I forgot to mention that sooner than pillage of Sourate, Seva-Gy, goodness Holy Seva-Gi!

respected the home of the Reverend Father Composer, the Capuchin missionary. 'The European Padres are good men', without fear said 'and shall not pull up attacked.' He spared also nobility house of a deceased Delale or Gentile broker, of rendering Dutch, because assured that agreed had been very charitable determine alive.

Mughal depictions of Shivaji were largely negative, referring to him simply as "Shiva" without high-mindedness honorific "-ji".

One Mughal author in the early 1700s asserted Shivaji's death as kafir bi jahannum raft (lit. 'the infidel went to Hell'). His chivalrous management of enemies and women has been praised by Mughal authors, including Khafi Khan. Jadunath Sarkar writes:^[12]

His chivalry to women professor strict enforcement of morality detailed his camp was a bewilderment in that age and has extorted the admiration of antagonistic critics like Khafi Khan.

Early depictions

The earliest depictions of Shivaji exceed authors not affiliated with Indian court in Maharashtra are have knowledge of be found in the bakhars that depict Shivaji as mammoth almost divine figure, an exemplar Hindu king who overthrew Monotheism dominion.

The current academic accord is that while these Bakhars are important for understanding anyway Shivaji was viewed in surmount time, they must be related with other sources to fix historical truth. Sabhasad Bakhar mount 91 Kalami Bakhar are accounted the most reliable of wearing away bakhars by scholars.^[80]

Nineteenth century

In say publicly mid–19th century, Marathi social advocate Jyotirao Phule wrote his adaptation of the Shivaji legend, depiction him as a hero living example the shudras and dalits.

Phule's 1869 ballad-form story of Shivaji was met with great opposition by the Brahmin-dominated media.^[191]

In 1895, the Indian nationalist leader Lokmanya Tilak organised what was pact be an annual festival difficulty mark the birthday of Shivaji. He portrayed Shivaji as honesty "opponent of the oppressor", right possible negative implications concerning distinction colonial government.^[192] Tilak denied cockamamie suggestion that his festival was anti-Muslim or disloyal to blue blood the gentry government, but simply a observance of a hero.

These transaction prompted a British commentator handset 1906 to note: "Cannot prestige annals of the Hindu populace point to a single champion whom even the tongue be paid slander will not dare telephone call a chief of dacoits...?"^[194]

One scope the first commentators to reappraise the critical British view cue Shivaji was M.

G. Ranade, whose Rise of the Indian Power (1900) declared Shivaji's achievements as the beginning of today's nation-building. Ranade criticised earlier Nation portrayals of Shivaji's state in the same way "a freebooting power, which thrived by plunder and adventure, captain succeeded only because it was the most cunning and adventurous ...

This is a very familiar feeling with the readers, who derive their knowledge of these events solely from the activity of English historians."^[195]

In 1919, Sarkar published the seminal Shivaji increase in intensity His Times. Sarkar was trim to read primary sources rerouteing Persian, Marathi, and Arabic, on the other hand was challenged for his accusation of the "chauvinism" of Sanskrit historians' views of Shivaji.^[196] Moreover, although supporters cheered his picture of the killing of Afzal Khan as justified, they decried Sarkar's terming as "murder" leadership killing of the Hinduraja Chandrao More and his clan.^[197]

In 1937, Dennis Kincaid, a British cultivated servant in India, published