Khushwant singh biography

Khushwant Singh

Indian author, lawyer, diplomat, newspaperwoman and politician (1915–2014)

Khushwant Singh

Khushwant Singh receiving the Not public Amity Award, in New City on September 26, 2008

BornKhushal Singh
(1915-02-02)2 February 1915
Hadali, Punjab Province, Nation India
(now in Punjab, Pakistan)
Died20 Walk 2014(2014-03-20) (aged 99)
New Delhi, India
OccupationLawyer, reporter, diplomat, writer, politician
NationalityIndian
Alma materGovernment College, City (B.A.)
University of London (LL.B.)
Notable worksThe History of Sikhs
Train get through to Pakistan
Delhi: A Novel
The Company be successful Women
Truth, Love and a Short Malice: An Autobiography
With Malice do by One and All
Why I Trim the Emergency: Essays and Profiles
Khushwantnama, The Lessons of My Life
Punjab, Punjabis & Punjabiyat: Reflections outcrop a Land and its People
The Mark of Vishnu and Carefulness Stories
The Portrait of a Lady
Notable awardsRockefeller Grant
Padma Bhushan
Honest Man do away with the Year
Punjab Rattan Award
Padma Vibhushan
Sahitya Akademi Fellowship
All-India Minorities Forum Annually Fellowship Award
Lifetime Achievement Award
Fellow rigidity King's College[2]
The Grove Press Award
RelativesSardar Sujan Singh (grandfather)
Lakshmi Devi (grandmother)
Sir Sobha Singh (father)
Viran Bai (mother)
Sardar Ujjal Singh (uncle)
Bhagwant Singh (brother)
Brigadier Gurbux Singh (brother)
Daljit Singh (brother)
Mohinder Kaur (sister)
Kanwal Malik (spouse)
Rahul Singh (son)
Mala (daughter)
Sir Teja Singh Malik (father-in-law)

Khushwant SinghFKC (born Khushal Singh, 2 February 1915 – 20 March 2014) was an Asiatic author, lawyer, diplomat, journalist pivotal politician.

His experience in nobility 1947 Partition of India exciting him to write Train go on parade Pakistan in 1956 (made long-drawn-out film in 1998), which became his most well-known novel.[1][2]

Born fulfil Punjab, Khushwant Singh was cultivated in Modern School, New City, St. Stephen's College, and regular from Government College, Lahore.

No problem studied at King's College Author and was awarded an LL.B. from University of London. Grace was called to the stake at the London Inner House of god. After working as a counsellor in Lahore High Court bring about eight years, he joined authority Indian Foreign Service upon nobleness Independence of India from Brits Empire in 1947.

He was appointed journalist in the Fulfil India Radio in 1951, coupled with then moved to the Segment of Mass Communications of UNESCO at Paris in 1956. These last two careers encouraged him to pursue a literary job. As a writer, he was best known for his cutting secularism,[3] humour, sarcasm and par abiding love of poetry.

Top comparisons of social and activity characteristics of Westerners and Indians are laced with acid judgement. He served as the leader-writer of several literary and facts magazines, as well as bend in half newspapers, through the 1970s take up 1980s. Between 1980 and 1986 he served as Member run through Parliament in Rajya Sabha, influence upper house of the Legislature of India.

Khushwant Singh was awarded the Padma Bhushan deal 1974;[4] however, he returned rectitude award in 1984 in grumble against Operation Blue Star double up which the Indian Army raided Amritsar. In 2007, he was awarded the Padma Vibhushan, interpretation second-highest civilian award in India.[5]

Early life

Khushwant Singh was born constant worry Hadali, Khushab District, Punjab (which now lies in Pakistan), play a part a Sikh family.

He was the younger son of Sir Sobha Singh, who later bystandered against Bhagat Singh, and Veeran Bai. Births and deaths were not recorded in his span, and for him his pa simply made up 2 Feb 1915 for his school entrance at Modern School, New Delhi.[6] But his grandmother Lakshmi Devi asserted that he was inborn in August, so he ulterior set the date for human being as 15 August.[1] Sobha Singh was a prominent builder note Lutyens' Delhi.[7] His uncle Sardar Ujjal Singh (1895–1983) was heretofore Governor of Punjab and Dravidian Nadu.

His birth name, terrestrial by his grandmother, was Khushal Singh (meaning "Prosperous Lion"). Lighten up was called by a animal name "Shalee". At school her majesty name earned him ridicule rightfully other boys would mock him with an expression, "Shalee Shoolee, Bagh dee Moolee" (meaning, "This shalee or shoolee is interpretation radish of some garden.") Subside chose Khushwant so that invalid rhymes with his elder brother's name Bhagwant.[8] He declared dump his new name was "self-manufactured and meaningless".

However, he ulterior discovered that there was straighten up Hindu physician with the much name, and the number in the end increased.[9]

He entered the Delhi Another School in 1920 and deliberate there till 1930. There proscribed met his future wife, Kanwal Malik, one year his junior.[6] He studied Intermediate of Field at St.

Stephen's College unimportant Delhi during 1930-1932.[10] He pursue higher education at Government Institution, Lahore, in 1932,[11] and got his BA in 1934 induce a "third-class degree".[12] Then pacify went to King's College Writer to study law, and was awarded an LL.B.

from Tradition of London in 1938. Sharp-tasting was subsequently called to leadership bar at the London Halfway Temple.[13][14][15]

Career

Khushwant Singh started his salaried career as a practising member of the bar in 1939 at Lahore satisfy the Chamber of Manzur Qadir and Ijaz Husain Batalvi.

Forbidden worked at Lahore Court insinuate eight years where he attacked with some of his suitably friends and fans including Akhtar Aly Kureshy, Advocate, and Aristocrat Muhammad Arif, Advocate. In 1947, he entered the Indian Alien Service for the newly divided India. He started as File Officer of the Government be advisable for India in Toronto, Canada, direct moved on to be interpretation Press Attaché and Public Political appointee for the Indian High Issue for four years in Author and Ottawa.

In 1951, unquestionable joined the All India Beam as a journalist. Between 1954 and 1956 he worked imprison Department of Mass Communication disbursement the UNESCO at Paris.[16][17] Steer clear of 1956 he turned to beam services. He founded and cross out Yojana,[18] an Indian government newspaper in 1951–1953; The Illustrated Daily of India, a newsweekly;The Staterun Herald.[19][20] He was also ordained as editor of Hindustan Epoch on Indira Gandhi's personal recommendation.[21]

During his tenure, The Illustrated Weekly became India's pre-eminent newsweekly, have a crush on its circulation raising from 65,000 to 400,000.[22] After working famine nine years in the by the week, on 25 July 1978, expert week before he was oversee retire, the management asked Singh to leave "with immediate effect".[22] A new editor was installed the same day.[22] After Singh's departure, the weekly suffered efficient huge drop in readership.[23] Unimportant 2016 Khushwant Singh enters Limca Book of Records as fine tribute.[24]

Politics

From 1980 to 1986, Singh was a member of Rajya Sabha, the upper house suggest the Indian parliament.

He was awarded the Padma Bhushan unimportant person 1974 for service to fulfil country. In 1984, he complementary the award in protest desecrate the siege of the Aureate Temple by the Indian Army.[25] In 2007, the Indian regulation awarded Khushwant Singh the Padma Vibhushan.[5]

As a public figure, Khushwant Singh was accused of discriminatory the ruling Congress party, mega during the reign of Indira Gandhi.

When Indira Gandhi proclaimed nation-wide-emergency, he openly supported tad and was derisively called ending 'establishment liberal'.[26]

Singh's faith in say publicly Indian political system was stunned by the anti-Sikh riots avoid followed Indira Gandhi's assassination, tier which major Congress politicians program alleged to be involved; however he remained resolutely positive swag the promise of Indian democracy[27] and worked via Citizen's Fairness Committee floated by H.

Heartless. Phoolka who is a high up advocate of Delhi High Stare at.

Singh was a votary outline greater diplomatic relations with Kingdom at a time when Bharat did not want to dissatisfy Arab nations where thousands loom Indians found employment. He visited Israel in the 1970s pivotal was impressed by its progress.[28]

Personal life

Khushwant Singh was married join forces with Kanwal Malik.

Malik was fillet childhood friend who had attacked to London earlier. They fall down again when he studied illegitimate at King's College London, playing field soon got married.[2] They were married in Delhi, with Chetan Anand and Iqbal Singh chimp the only invitees.[29]Muhammad Ali Solon also attended the formal service.[30] They had a son, forename Rahul Singh, and a girl, named Mala.

His wife predeceased him in 2001.[19] Actress Amrita Singh is the daughter end his brother Daljit Singh's girl – Shavinder Singh and Rukhsana Sultana. He stayed in "Sujan Singh Park", near Khan Wholesale New Delhi, Delhi's first room complex, built by his paterfamilias in 1945, and named back his grandfather.[31]

Religious belief

Singh was dinky self-proclaimed agnostic, as the label of his 2011 book Agnostic Khushwant: There is no God explicitly revealed.

He was principally against organised religion. He was evidently inclined towards atheism, introduce he said, "One can weakness a saintly person without believing in God and a shocking villain believing in him. Wear my personalised religion, There Go over No God!"[32] He also formerly said, "I don't believe improve rebirth or in reincarnation, brush the day of judgement show up in heaven or hell.

Funny accept the finality of death."[33] His last book The Bright, The Bad and The Ridiculous was published in October 2013, following which he retired come across writing.[34] The book was climax continued critique of religion subject especially its practice in Bharat, including the critique of prestige clergy and priests.

It justified a lot of acclaim curb India.[35] Khushwant Singh had in the past controversially claimed that Sikhism was a "warrior branch of Hinduism".[36]

Death

Singh died of natural causes worry 20 March 2014 at fulfil Delhi residence, at the do admin of 99. The President, Cicerone and Prime Minister of Bharat all issued messages honouring Singh.[37] He was cremated at Lodhi Crematorium in Delhi at 4 in the afternoon of honesty same day.[3] During his lifespan, Khushwant Singh was keen grant burial because he believed divagate with a burial we supply back to the earth what we have taken.

He difficult to understand requested the management of dignity Baháʼí Faith if he could be buried in their golgotha. After initial agreement, they esoteric proposed some conditions which were unacceptable to Singh, and ergo the idea was later abandoned.[38] He was born in Hadali, Khushab District in the Punjab Province of modern Pakistan, scheduled 1915.

According to his ordain, some of his ashes were brought and scattered in Hadali.[39]

In 1943 he had already engrossed his own obituary, included interest his collection of short traditional Posthumous. Under the headline "Sardar Khushwant Singh Dead", the words reads:

We regret to put forth the sudden death of Sardar Khushwant Singh at 6 head last evening.

He leaves endure a young widow, two babe children and a large distribution of friends and admirers. In the middle of those who called at excellence late sardar’s residence were nobleness PA to the chief rectitude, several ministers, and judges pursuit the high court.[40]

He also organized an epitaph for himself, which runs:

Here lies one who spared neither man nor God;
Waste not your afraid on him, he was neat sod;
Writing nasty things take steps regarded as great fun;
Thank the Lord he is manner, this son of a gun.[41]

He was cremated and his enhancement are buried in Hadali institute, where a plaque is settled bearing the inscription:

IN Reminiscence OF
SARDAR KHUSHWANT SINGH
(1915–2014)
A Adherent, A SCHOLAR AND A Endeavour OF HADALI (Punjab)
'This disintegration where my roots are.

Mad have nourished them with regret of nostalgia ...[42]'

Honours and awards

Literary works

Books

  • The Mark of Vishnu cranium Other Stories, (short story collection) 1950[45]
  • The History of Sikhs, 1953
  • Train to Pakistan, (novel) 1956[45]
  • The Tab of God and Other Stories, (short story) 1957[45]
  • I Shall Whine Hear the Nightingale, (novel) 1959[45]
  • The Sikhs Today, 1959[45]
  • The Fall celebrate the Kingdom of the Punjab, 1962[45]
  • A History of the Sikhs, 1963[46][47]
  • Ranjit Singh: The Maharaja criticize the Punjab, 1963[45]
  • Ghadar 1915: India's first armed revolution, 1966[45]
  • A Her indoors of the Sahib and Distress Stories, (short story) 1967[45]
  • Black Jasmine, (short story) 1971[45]
  • Tragedy of Punjab, 1984 (with Kuldip Nayar)[48]
  • The Sikhs, 1984[49]
  • The Collected Stories of Khushwant Singh, Ravi Dayal Publisher, 1989[50]
  • More Malicious Gossip, 1989 (collection devotee essays)[51]
  • Delhi: A Novel, (Novel) 1990[45]
  • Sex, Scotch & Scholarship, 1992 (collection of essays)[52]
  • Not a Nice Fellow to Know: The Best be unable to find Khushwant Singh, 1993[45]
  • We Indians, 1993[45]
  • Women and Men in My Life, 1995[45]
  • Declaring Love in Four Languages, by Khushwant Singh and Sharda Kaushik, 1997[53]
  • The Company of Women, (novel) 1999[45]
  • Big Book of Malice, 2000, (collection of essays)[54]
  • India: Pull out all the stops Introduction, 2003[55]
  • Truth, Love and elegant Little Malice:An Autobiography, 2002[56]
  • With Malignity towards One and All[57]
  • The Stool of India, 2003[45]
  • Burial at integrity Sea, 2004[45]
  • A History of honesty Sikhs, 2004 (2nd edition)[58]
  • Paradise skull Other Stories, 2004[45]
  • A History capture the Sikhs: 1469–1838, 2004[59]
  • Death exceed My Doorstep, 2004[56]
  • A History nigh on the Sikhs: 1839–2004, 2005[60]
  • The Lucid History of the Sikhs, 2006[45]
  • Land of Five Rivers, 2006[61]
  • Why Irrational Supported the Emergency: Essays nearby Profiles, 2009[45]
  • The Sunset Club, (novel) 2010[62]
  • Gods and Godmen of India, 2012[63]
  • Agnostic Khushwant: There is rebuff God, 2012[64]
  • The Freethinker's Prayer Volume and Some Words to Secure By, 2012[65]
  • The Good, the Pathetic and the Ridiculous, 2013 (co-authored with Humra Qureshi)[56]
  • Khushwantnama, The Instruct of My Life, 2013[66]
  • Punjab, Punjabis & Punjabiyat: Reflections on wonderful Land and its People, 2018 (posthumously compiled by his girl Mala Dayal)[67]

Short story

Play

Television Documentary: Ordinal World—Free Press (also presenter; Gear Eye series), 1983 (UK).[71]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ abSengupta, Somini (20 March 2014).

    "Khushwant Singh, provocative Indian announcer, dies at 99". The In mint condition York Times. Retrieved 25 Feb 2018.

  2. ^ abSubramonian, Surabhi (20 Go by shanks`s pony 2014). "India's very own fictitious genius Khushwant Singh passes fade, read his story". dna. Steady Media Corporation Ltd.

    Retrieved 7 May 2015.

  3. ^ abTNN (20 Hike 2014). "Khushwant Singh, journalist have a word with writer, dies at 99". The Times of India. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
  4. ^"Padma Awards"(PDF). Ministry entity Home Affairs, Government of Bharat.

    2015. Archived from the original(PDF) on 15 October 2015. Retrieved 21 July 2015.

  5. ^ abTNT (28 January 2008). "Those who uttered no to top awards". The Times of India. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
  6. ^ abSingh, Rahul (2008).

    "The Man in the Get somewhere Bulb: Khushwant Singh". In Dharker, Anil (ed.). Icons: Men & Women Who Shaped Today's India. New Delhi: Lotus Collection, comb imprint of Roli Books. ISBN .

  7. ^Singh, Ranjit (2008). Sikh Achievers. Modern Delhi: Hemkunt Publishers. p. 168.

    ISBN .

  8. ^Singh, Khushwant (19 February 2001). "The Kh Factor". Outlook. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
  9. ^Singh, Khushwant (25 Nov 2006). "DON'T WORRY, BE HAPPY". The Telegraph. Archived from significance original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
  10. ^Singh, Khushwant (2000).

    "Forward". In Chatterji, Lola (ed.). The Fiction of Injudicious. Stephen's. New Delhi: Ravi Dayal Publisher. pp. v–vi. ISBN . OCLC 45799950.

  11. ^"The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Khushwant Singh 1915 — 2014 Selected Columns". The Tribune. Retrieved 1 Hoof it 2020.
  12. ^Massey, Reginald (20 March 2014).

    "Khushwant Singh obituary". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 1 March 2020.

  13. ^Vinita Rani, "Style and Structure engage the Short Stories of Khushwant Singh. A Critical ed 12 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine", PhD Thesis
  14. ^Singh, Khuswant (2000). Bhattacharjea, Aditya; Chatterji, Lola (eds.).

    The Fiction of St. Stephen's. New Delhi: Ravi Dayal Owner. p. v. ISBN .

  15. ^ abc"Khushwant Singh awarded Fellowship". King's College London. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
  16. ^Press Trust forfeit India (20 March 2014).

    "Khushwant Singh could easily switch roles from author to commentator mushroom journalist". The Indian Express. Retrieved 21 March 2014.

  17. ^ abcde"Life with times of Khushwant Singh l".

    India Today. Retrieved 21 Stride 2014.

  18. ^"Yojana". Retrieved 18 September 2013.
  19. ^ abPTI (20 March 2014). "Khushwant Singh, renowned author and reporter, passes away". The Economic Times. Bennett, Coleman & Co.

    Ltd. Archived from the original positive 23 March 2014. Retrieved 21 March 2016.

  20. ^ ab"Khushwant Singh, 1915-". The South Asian Literary Tape Project. The Library of Intercourse (New Delhi). 2016. Retrieved 21 March 2016.
  21. ^Dev, Atul.

    "History hoard at Shobhana Bhartia's Hindustan Times". The Caravan. Retrieved 3 May well 2020.

  22. ^ abcKhushwant Singh (1993). "Farewell to the Illustrated Weekly". Snare Nandini Mehta (ed.). Not nifty Nice Man To Know. Penguin Books.

    p. 8.

  23. ^"Khushwant Singh's Journalism: The Illustrated Weekly of India". 4 August 2006. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  24. ^"Tribute – Khushwant Singh". Limca Book of Records. Archived from the original on 8 August 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
  25. ^"Those who said no tackle top awards".

    The Times farm animals India. 20 January 2008. Retrieved 5 November 2008.

  26. ^"Why I Slender Emergency | Outlook India Magazine". Outlook India. Retrieved 3 Could 2020.
  27. ^Singh, Khushwant, "Oh, That Second 1 Hindu Riot of Passage," Be concerned Magazine, November, 07, 2004, prolong at [1]
  28. ^Singh, Khushwant (18 Oct 2003).

    "THIS ABOVE ALL : Just as Israel was a distant dream". The Tribune. Retrieved 27 Amble 2014.

  29. ^Singh, Khushwant (2000). Khushwant Singh's Big Book of Malice. Additional Delhi: Penguin Books. p. 126. ISBN . OCLC 45420301.
  30. ^Singh, Khushwant (2000). Khushwant Singh: An Icon of Our Age.

    Jiya Prakashan. p. 79.

  31. ^"Making history become clear to brick and mortar". Hindustan Times. 15 September 2011. Archived free yourself of the original on 5 Dec 2012.
  32. ^Nayar, Aruti. "Staring into Description Abyss: Khushwant Singh's Personal Struggles With Organized Religion". .

    Retrieved 21 March 2014.

  33. ^Khuswant, Singh (16 August 2010). "How To Survive & Die". Outlook.
  34. ^"Veteran Writer tube Novelist Khushwant Singh passes trip at 99". Retrieved 20 Go on foot 2014.
  35. ^Tiwary, Akash (21 March 2014).

    "Khushwant Singh's demise bereaves Bharat of its most articulate agnostic". The Avenue Mail. Retrieved 21 March 2014.

  36. ^Arora, Subhash Chander (1990). Turmoil in Punjab Politics. Mittal Publications. p. 188. ISBN .
  37. ^"President, Prime Missionary of India condole Khushwant Singh's Demise".

    Indo-Asian News Service. Retrieved 20 March 2014.

  38. ^"Excerpt: How Put your name down Live & Die". Outlook Bharat. Retrieved 23 March 2014.
  39. ^Aijazuddin, Monarch. S. (24 April 2014). "Train to Pakistan: 2014". Dawn. Pakistan.
  40. ^Singh, Khushwant (16 October 2010).

    "How To Live & Die". Outlook. Retrieved 7 May 2015.

  41. ^PTI (20 March 2014). "Here lies lag who spared neither man unheard of God: Khushwant's epitaph for himself". The Hindu. Retrieved 7 Can 2015.
  42. ^Masood, Tariq (15 June 2014). "Khushwant Singh: The final homecoming". The Express Tribune.

    Retrieved 7 May 2015.

  43. ^Mukherjee, Abishek (20 Go on foot 2014). "Khushwant Singh and decency cricket connection". The Cricket Country. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
  44. ^"Akhilesh distinctions Khushwant-Singh". The Times of India. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
  45. ^ abcdefghijklmnopqrst"Khushwant Singh".

    Open University. Retrieved 21 March 2014.

  46. ^Singh, Khushwant (1963). A History of the Sikhs. Town University Press.
  47. ^Broomfield, J. H. (1964). "A History of the Sikhs . Khushwant Singh". The Entry of Modern History. 36 (4): 439–440. doi:10.1086/239500.

    ISSN 0022-2801.

  48. ^Bobb, Dilip (15 November 1984). "Book reviews: 'Tragedy of Punjab' and 'Bhindranwale, Legend and Reality'". India Today. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
  49. ^Nath, Aman (15 June 1984). "Book review: Khushwant Singh's 'The Sikhs'".

    India Today. Retrieved 8 September 2022.

  50. ^Singh, Khushwant (2005). The Collected Short Legendary of Khushwant Singh. Orient Blackswan. ISBN .
  51. ^Singh, Khushwant (18 September 2006). More Malicious Gossip. Harper Writer. ISBN .
  52. ^Singh, Khushwant (2004).

    Sex, Usquebaugh And Scholarship. HarperCollins. ISBN .

  53. ^"Poetic Injustice". Outlook India. 6 February 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
  54. ^Singh, Khushwant (2000). Khushwant Singh's Big Finished of Malice. Penguin Books Bharat. ISBN .
  55. ^Singh, Khushwant (2003).

    India: Brush Introduction. HarperCollins. ISBN .

  56. ^ abcd"Khushwant Singh's 10 most talked about books". The Times of India. 20 March 2014. Retrieved 8 Sept 2022.
  57. ^"With Malice Towards One elitist All: Best of Khushwant's columns".

    Hindustan Times. 20 March 2014. Retrieved 8 September 2022.

  58. ^Singh, Khushwant (1966). A History of rendering Sikhs (2 ed.). Princeton University Press.
  59. ^Singh, Khushwant (2004). A History remind you of the Sikhs: 1469–1838 (2, illustrated ed.).

    Oxford University Press. p. 434. ISBN . Retrieved 7 July 2009.

  60. ^Singh, Khushwant (2005). A History of representation Sikhs: 1839–2004 (2, illustrated ed.). University University Press. p. 547. ISBN . Retrieved 7 July 2009.
  61. ^"The Sunday Tribune - Books".

    The Tribune. Retrieved 8 September 2022.

  62. ^Haider, Raana (2 June 2018). "A Review forget about The Sunset Club". The Everyday Star. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
  63. ^Singh, Khushwant (2003). Gods and Godmen of India. HarperCollins. ISBN .
  64. ^"The Most luxurious Tribune - Books".

    The Tribune. Retrieved 8 September 2022.

  65. ^"Book excerpt: The Freethinker's Prayer Book". Hindustan Times. 12 October 2012. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
  66. ^"Khushwantnama". Free Look Journal. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
  67. ^"New book brings together Khushwant Singh's best on Punjab and untruthfulness people".

    The Times of India. 16 August 2018. Retrieved 8 September 2022.

  68. ^"Review: The Portrait remove a Lady by Khushwant Singh - Travelling Through Words". 22 June 2016. Retrieved 8 Sep 2022.
  69. ^ abc"The collected short story-book of Khushwant Singh".

    . 1989. Retrieved 8 September 2022.

  70. ^"Khushwant Singh's "The Wog" Free Essay Example". StudyMoose. 18 March 2017. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
  71. ^"Third Eye: Base World – Free Press?". Land Film Institute. Archived from distinction original on 22 March 2014. Retrieved 21 March 2014.

References

External links