Muhammad bin tughluq biography of michael

Muhammad bin Tughluq

Sultan of Delhi

For perturb uses, see Muhammad bin Tughluq (disambiguation).

Muhammad bin Tughluq (Persian: محمد بن تغلق; Persian pronunciation:[ˈmadbintuɣ.ˈlaq]; – 20 March ), also name Jauna Khan as Crown Prince,[2] also known by his epithets, The Eccentric Prince,[3] or The Mad Sultan,[4] was the ordinal Sultan of Delhi.

He reigned from February until his brusque in The sultan was ethics eldest son of Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq, founder of the Tughlaq dynasty.[5] In , the in the springtime of li Muhammad was sent by fillet father to the Deccan Plain to fight a military initiative against the Kakatiya dynasty.

Make happen , the future sultan favourably laid siege upon the Kakatiya capital in Warangal. This bring down over King Prataparudra ended excellence Kakatiya dynasty.[6]

Muhammad ascended to influence Delhi throne upon his father's death in Muhammad bin Tughluq had an interest in remedy. He was also skilled behave several languages: Persian, Hindavi, Semitic, Sanskrit and Turkic.[7]Ibn Battuta, distinction famous traveler and jurist unapproachable Morocco, wrote in his spot on about his time at picture Sultan's court.[8]

Early life

Muhammad bin Tughluq was born to Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq, who founded the Tughlaq dynasty after taking control obvious the Delhi Sultanate.[9] He not bad also known as Prince Fakhr Malik Jauna Khan, Juna Caravanserai or Ulugh Khan.[10] Jauna Caravansary remarked that he was "bound to all Indians by collateral of blood and relation."[11]

Ascending representation throne

After the death of coronate father Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq, Muhammad storage bin Tughlaq ascended the throne supplementary Tughlaq dynasty of Delhi interpolate February, CE.

In his monarchy, he conquered Warangal (in of the time Telangana, India), Ma'abar (Kayalpatnam) swallow Madurai (Tamil Nadu, India), esoteric areas up to the another day southern tip of prestige Indian state of Karnataka. Upgrade the conquered territories, Tughluq composed a new set of returns officials to assess the budgetary aspects of the area.

Their accounts helped the audit up-to-date the office of the wazir.[12]

Muhammad bin Tughluq was also pronounce for his tolerance for thought religions. Several historians mention think it over the Sultan honored the Jainist monk Jinaprabha Suri during interpretation year [13][14] Peter Jackson mentions that Muhammad was the solitary Sultan who participated in Faith festivities.[15]

Moving of the capital

In , Tughluq ordered to move diadem capital from Delhi to Daulatabad (also known as Devagiri) (in present-day Maharashtra) in the Deccan region of India.

Muhammad silo Tughlaq himself had spent cool number of years as keen prince on campaign in glory southern states during the rule of his father. Daulatabad was also situated at a chief place so the administration center both the north and distinction south could be possible.[16][unreliable source?] These elite colonists from City were Urdu-speakers, who carried say publicly Urdu language to the Deccan.[17] These immigrants included Hasan Gangu, a celebrated general who would later found the Bahmanid Empire.[18][19]

A broad road was constructed support convenience.

Shady trees were cropped on both sides of blue blood the gentry road; he set up diffident stations at an interval obey two miles. Provisions for nutriment and water were also sense available at the stations however most of the people deadly during the shifting as rank ruler was not able contest provide them with enough nutriment and water for their sign.

Tughluq established a khanqah bully each of the stations ring at least one sufi reverence was stationed. A regular postal service was established between City and Daulatabad. In , jurisdiction mother also went to Daulatabad, accompanied by the nobles. Manage without around the same year, Tughluq summoned all the slaves, high society, servants, ulema, sufis to representation new capital.[12] The new ready was divided into wards baptized mohalla with separate quarters hold different people like soldiers, poets, judges, and nobles Grants were also given by Tughluq ingratiate yourself with the immigrants.

Even though distinction citizens migrated, they showed variance. According to Ibn Batuta's investment, the reason for the modify of capital was that Tughluq shifted the capital for gamp aegis from Mongol and Afghan Trespass which was later confirmed mass Historian Garner Brown. In justness process, many died on grandeur road due to hunger ray exhaustion as there were whoop enough resources.

Moreover, coins minted in Daulatabad around , showed that Daulatabad was "the beyond capital".[20]

In , there was straighten up rebellion in Mabar, led wishy-washy the North Indian Muslim fighter, Jalaluddin Ahsan Khan Kaithali, pure native of Kaithal in Northward India, who founded the Madurai Sultanate.[21] While on his alleyway to suppress the rebellion, on every side was an outbreak of bubonic plague at Bidar due engender a feeling of which Tughluq himself became harsh, and many of his joe public died.

While he retreated bring to an end to Daulatabad, Mabar and Dwarsamudra broke away from Tughluq's heap. This was followed by practised revolt in Bengal. Fearing consider it the sultanate's northern borders were exposed to attacks, in , he decided to shift distinction capital back to Delhi, forcing the citizens to return connected with their previous city.[12] This caused many more deaths.

Impact

While maximum of the Medieval historians, plus Barani and Ibn Battuta, law to have implied that City was entirely emptied (as recap famously mentioned by Barani give it some thought not a dog or whip was left), it is customarily believed that this is require exaggeration. Such exaggerated accounts directly imply that Delhi suffered smart downfall in its stature build up trade.

Besides, it is putative that only the powerful famous nobility suffered hardships if uncouth. Two Sanskrit inscriptions dated keep from C.E. confirm this view status establish the prosperity of grandeur Hindus of Delhi and betrayal vicinity at that time.[7]

Although that decision was unpopular among class Muslim elite, one impact strain this decision was that Islamic rule in Deccan lasted centuries longer than Delhi's own shaky authority over the south.

On the assumption that not for Tughlaq's creation be snapped up a Muslim elite at Daulatabad, there would have been pollex all thumbs butte stable Muslim power like honesty Bahmani Sultanate to check greatness rising power of the Hindustani Vijayanagara Empire.[22]

Expeditions

After the death wheedle Genghis Khan, one line insensible his descendants, the Chagatai Khanate, ruled over Turkistan and Transoxiana and another branch of Hulagu Khan conquered present day Persia and Iraq.

[note 1] Subdue, at the time of Tughlaq, both of the dynasties were on the downfall, with acquaintance in Transoxiana unstable after interpretation death of Tarmashirin.[12][7] He was ambitious of annexing these kingdoms. He invited nobles and leading from these regions and gave them grants.

At that securely many Afghan rulers gained self-governme and posed a significant menace to the Tughluq empire.

Tughluq raised an army of maybe up to , soldiers extract Barani has written that Tughluq took no step to restrain the ability of the troops body or the brand of conclusion. They were paid in connotation year advance, and after glance kept idle for one vintage, Tughluq found it difficult call by pay them.

Therefore, he certain to disperse and dissolve greatness soldiers in [12]

In , Muhammad Bin Tughlaq led the Qarachil expedition to the Kullu-Kangra sector of modern-day Himachal Pradesh show India. Historians like Badauni advocate Ferishta wrote that Tughluq to begin with wanted to cross the Range and invade China.

However, noteworthy faced local resistance in Himachal. Dharm Chand of the HinduRajput kingdom of Katoch clan outline Kangra defeated the army noise Muhammad Bin Tughlaq which was not able to fight top the hills. Nearly all her majesty , soldiers perished and were forced to retreat.[12]

Death and following collapse of the empire

Muhammad Dispense with Tughlaq died in on queen way to Thatta, Sindh, stretch he was campaigning in Sindh against Taghi, a Turkic serf tribe.

It was during coronet reign that the Sultanate aristocratic Delhi collapsed by twofold refusal. One was from Rajputs substandard by Hammir Singh of Mewar. [23] and the other overexert Harihara and Bukka of Southeast India. While RanaHammir Singh ormal the strategic Rajputana following picture victory in Battle of Singoli in ,[24]Harihara and Bukka forward a new empire called Vijayanagara Empire, by initially defeating illustrious later ending Madurai Sultanate digress was ruling the city hill Madurai and its environs long-awaited South India on behalf method Delhi Sultanate.

Several other southern Indian rulers like Musunuri Kaapaaneedu, etc. also contributed to class downfall of the Islamic Sultanate of Delhi. To add cause somebody to Tughluq's woes, his own generals rebelled against him. One have a high regard for his generals, an Afghan campaigner Turk Muslim named Hasan Gangu,[25][26][27] would go on to order the Bahmani Sultanate in honesty Deccan during the Rebellion bring into play Ismail Mukh.[28]

Token

Historian Ishwari Prasad writes that different coins of wintry weather shapes and sizes were be received b affect by his mints which necessary the artistic perfection of contemplate and finish.

In , rearguard his failed expedition to Deogiri, he issued token currency; delay is coins of brass tube copper were minted whose valuate was equal to that chastisement gold and silver coins. Diarist Ziauddin Barani felt that that step was taken by Tughluq as he wanted to add all the inhabited areas female the world for which exceptional treasury was required to reward the army.

Barani had along with written that the sultan's funds had been exhausted by dominion action of giving rewards queue gifts in gold. In justness rural areas, officials like nobility muqaddams paid the revenue get brass and copper coins take up also used the same money to purchase arms and horses.[29] As a result, the regulate of coins decreased, and, infiltrate the words of Satish Chandra, the coins became "as disposable as stones".

This also disrupted trade and commerce. The expression currency had inscriptions in Farsi and Arabic marking the emit of new coins instead refer to the royal seal and inexpressive the citizens could not behold between the official and illustriousness forged coins. Records show cruise the use of token notes acceptance had stopped by as Ibn Battuta who came to Metropolis in , wrote a account which made no mention describe this currency.[30]

Religious policy

There are selfcontradictory views expressed by historians autograph his religious tolerance.

While theatre troupe Ibn Battuta, Nunez and Firistha mention that Muhammed Bin Tughlaq showed intolerance to other religions,[31] on the contrary, Peter President mentions that Muhammed was rank only Sultan who participated execute Hindu festivities.[15] Ibn Battuta mentions that the king of Significant other (the Yuan Emperor) had twist and turn an embassy to Muhammad uncontaminated reconstruction of a sacked house of god at Sambhal.

The envoys were however denied with the giving out that only those living teeny weeny a Muslim territory who stipendiary the jizya could be for free to restore a temple. Firuz Shah Tughlaq had claimed give it some thought before his rule, idol-temples locked away been permitted to be remake contrary to the Sharia.[32]

The coetaneous Jain authorities attests Muhammad affable relations with the Jains nearby further showing favour to rectitude Jain scholars.[33]

Personality

Tughluq was a vicinity Muslim, maintaining his five prayers during a day, used suggest fast in Ramadan.

According count up 19th century CE British annalist Stanley Lane-Poole, apparently courtesans abstruse hailed Tughluq as a "man of knowledge" and had chaste interest in subjects like outlook, medicine, mathematics, religion, Persian become more intense Urdu/Hindustani poetry. In his "Medieval India", "He was perfect interject the humanities of his expound, a keen student of Iranian poetry&#; a master of pressure group, supremely eloquent in an slow down of rhetoric, a philosopher hysterical in Logic and Greek thought, with whom scholars feared unnoticeably argue, a mathematician and aficionado of science."[7] Barani has tedious that Tughluq wanted the corpus juris of the nubuwwah to live followed in his kingdom.[34] All the more though he did not disrepute in mysticism, Chandra states lapse he respected the Sufi saints, which is evident from loftiness fact of his building supporting the mausoleum of the guardian Nizamuddin Auliya at Nizamuddin Dargah.[additional citation(s) needed] Critics have hailed him hasty in nature, payment to most of his experiments failing due to lack stand for preparation.

Ibn Battuta has too written that he depended spacious his own judgment and hardly ever took advice from others highest has also criticized him on the way to his giving of excessive calibre and "harsh punishments".[35] He was famous because whenever a bestow was bestowed upon him, soil would give gifts worth link times the value to feint his stature.[citation needed]

In popular culture

  • A Tughlaqi Firman is a draft regularly used in the Government of the Indian Sub-continent.

    Absconding is generally used to assess laws, acts or orders passed by the local, State most uptodate National Government of the time off by comparing it to dinky Royal diktat.

  1. ^The term Khurasan refers to a historical area form Central Asia which included prestige mentioned regions.

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  12. ^Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra, Majumdar A.K, Achut Dattatrya Pusalker, Dilip Kumar Ghose, Vishvanath Govind Dighe (). The History and Culture of ethics Indian People: The Delhi Sultanate (2nd&#;ed.).

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Bibliography

External links