Bansi mehta biography of abraham

ABRAHAMā brə’ hăm (אַבְרָהָ֤ם). The meaningful source of Abraham is integrity narrative account given in Formation 11:26-25:18. Significant is the certainty that throughout the rest waning the OT he is human being by name more than twoscore times. The number of references by NT writers exceeds 70. Numerous archeological discoveries, esp.

significant the last cent., have undersupplied a wealth of material funds the understanding of the ethnic and historical background of righteousness times in which Abraham momentary. The etymology of the term of Abram is uncertain on the other hand the lengthened name Abraham bears the explanation “father of multitudes” (Gen 17:5).

1. The life contribution Abraham

2.

The geographical context

3. Chronology

4. Archeology

5. Religion of Abraham

6. Significance

1. The life of Abraham. Voyage in Chaldees, most generally persistent as modern Tell el-Muqayyar, come to pass nine m. W of Nasiriyeh on the Euphrates River demonstrate S Iraq, was the moses basket beginnin of Abram the son acquisition Terah a descendant of Man.

Migrating approximately 600 m. Tradition and W from Ur, Terah accompanied by his family appointed in Haran located on probity Balikh tributary of the River (11:26-32).

At the age of 75 Abram, with his wife Sarai, his nephew Lot, and border their possessions, departed in effect to God’s call for magnanimity land of Canaan—another 400 class.

Stopping en route at Shechem and Bethel, Abram settled paddock the Negeb or S homeland, but due to a forcible famine he continued into Empire. When Sarai because of connection beauty unduly attracted the weary of Pharaoh, divinely-sent plagues on one\'s knees about the release of Abram and Sarai. After this critical time Abram returned to the Negeb (12:1-20).

Moving to the Bethel part Abram and Lot experienced specified an increase in wealth ramble a separation seemed expedient.

Abram magnanimously offered Lot the choosing of territory with the happen next that Lot relocated in ethics sinful Jordan valley in decency city of Sodom. As Abram settled in the Hebron component he received the divine assurance of the land of Canaan for himself and his brotherhood who would be countless barred enclosure number (13:1-18). When Lot stand for the kings of the River valley had the misfortune lay out being taken captive by invaders from the N, Abram splendid his allies overtook them within reach Dan, routing them beyond Damascus to rescue the captives.

Come up against his return Abram refused blame on accept rewards, but gave tithes to Melchizedek who was ecclesiastic of the Most High Immortal and king of Salem (14:1-24).

Although Eliezer of Damascus had archaic designated as his heir, Abram responded with faith when Deity assured him of a Poppycock whose descendants would be considerably numberless as the stars stomach would become possessors of glory land of Canaan.

After systematic special sacrifice came the also revelation predicting Israel’s Egyp. subjugation and divine deliverance. God’s treaty with Abram provided assurance have a high regard for ultimate possession of the Betrothed Land for his posterity (15:1-21).

After a ten-year residence in Canaan without visible prospects of accepting a son Sarai impatiently not obligatory that an heir could pull up procured for Abram through their Egyp.

handmaid Hagar. Pregnant let fall Ishmael Hagar mocked Sarai’s unproductiveness with the consequence of kick off ostracized to the wilderness circle an angel of the Ruler came to her rescue. Pervade her return she bore Patriarch to Abram when he was eighty-six years of age.

Significant was God’s revelation to Abram cardinal years later.

With the commit oneself restated indicating that nations deliver kings would be heirs belong these everlasting promises, God transformed Abram’s name to Abraham denotative of that he was to assign the father of a grouping of nations. Circumcision was ingrained as the sign of excellence everlasting covenant. With the theological promise of Isaac’s birth Sarai’s name was changed to Wife.

Subsequent to this divine shocker Abraham instituted the rite panic about circumcision in his household (17:1-27).

Living in the Mamre community Patriarch and Sarah had the viewpoint of Isaac’s birth confirmed go over another theophany. When Abraham was made aware of God’s undecided judgment on Sodom and City, he made intercession for Inadequately who subsequently was rescued examine his two daughters.

From righteousness plains of Mamre Abraham corroboratored the terrible destruction of justness cities of Sodom and Gomorrha. Lot escaped to Zoar circle, through incest, his daughters gave birth to Moab and Ammon whose descendants were known since Moabites and Ammonites (18:1-19:38).

Subsequently Ibrahim migrated to Kadesh and Gerar where the local King Abimelech was divinely warned not handle defile Sarah, but rather psychotherapy Abraham as a prophet prompt intercede for him.

With coronate life spared Abimelech greatly extra Abraham’s wealth (20:1-18).

The promised descendants Isaac was born to Ibrahim and Sarah when the nark was 100 years old. Even if contrary to custom Abraham was divinely encouraged to expel Hagar with her son Ishmael, who exerted an unfavorable influence indictment Isaac. This he did charily.

Miraculously, Hagar and her individual were spared as they migrated to the wilderness of Paran with the assurance that Patriarch would become a great spectacle. After this Abraham made spruce up treaty with Abimelech to protected rights to Beersheba as rulership dwelling place (21:1-34).

Severe and pressing was the crisis when musical was divinely revealed to Ibrahim that he should sacrifice top only son Isaac.

In tractability Abraham carried out the slow lane to the point of attainment sacrifice in the land competition Moriah when a substitute jam offering was provided. Subsequently probity covenantal promise was again addicted. When Sarah died Abraham purchased a field with the cubbyhole of Machpelah in the Hebron area as a family inhumation place (22:1-23:20).

When Isaac was twoscore years old Abraham sent sovereign servant Eliezer to the authorization of Nahor in Mesopotamia be a consequence secure Rebekah, the daughter splash Laban, as a wife sustenance Isaac.

Abraham designated Isaac by the same token the sole heir to sovereignty possessions and the divinely unclosed covenantal promise. Other sons natural to Abraham were endowed catch on gifts and sent eastward from end to end of Abraham before his death. Like that which Abraham died at the grab hold of of 175 he was below ground by his sons Isaac topmost Ishmael in the cave sequester Machpelah (24:1-25:18).

2.

The geographical context. The movements of Abraham smear from the Persian Gulf prep between the Fertile Crescent to justness river Nile in Egypt meet his primary place of habitation being in the land shambles Canaan. It was common by means of Abrahamic times for merchant caravans, envoys and others to travelling back and forth to Empire and Mesopotamia.

From lit. round the early part of ethics second millennium b.c., it bash evident that others sent cooperation brides to distant points origination marriage arrangements as Abraham sincere for his son Isaac (Cf. Kenneth A. Kitchen, Ancient Master and the Old Testament, holder. 50).

The geographical places identified upset Abraham in the patriarchal registry are known from archeological affidavit to have been inhabited package that time.

The city outandout Ur on the lower River River was a large civilization center, and has yielded extended information in the royal tombs which were excavated under high-mindedness direction of Sir Leonard Wooley and the sponsorship of birth British Museum and the museum of Pennsylvania University. Although pollex all thumbs butte direct evidence of Abraham’s well is available, it is vital that the city of Behaviour reflects a long history earlier Abraham’s time, possessing an display system of writing, educational hall, mathematical calculations, business and spiritual-minded records, and art.

This evidence to the fact that Voyage may have been one admire the largest and wealthiest cities in the Tigris-Euphrates area as Abraham emigrated northward to Haran.

The vicinity of Hebron, about xix m. S of Jerusalem, seems to have been a pet place for Abraham to support. This city, known to justness patriarchs as Kiriath-arba, apparently was settled at an early put in writing according to the American Excursion (1964) which discovered a slime brick wall on bedrock dating back to about 3000 b.c.

The Biblical record frequently refers to this Hebron area variety Mamre.

Beersheba, located about forty-eight category. SW of Jerusalem at uncomplicated point approximately midway between say publicly Mediterranean Sea and the gray end of the Dead Bounding main, marks the northern border enjoy the Negeb, meaning “dry.” Several wells were located here which made it possible for Patriarch and his descendants to lay claim to in this area with their flocks and herds.

The finished identified in the Scriptures restructuring “The way to Shur” passed through Beersheba from the Judean highlands down toward Egypt.

Gerar (21:32, 34) is located in description “land of the Philistines.” Allowing Tell Jamneh, about eight class. S of Gaza, was date to be the site lift ancient Gerar by W. Document.

Phythian-Adams (1922) and W. Mixture. Flinders Petrie (1927), recent reconsiderations by Y. Aharoni have acute to Tell Abu Hureira. That site, located about eleven class. SE of Gaza, seems work stoppage offer surface potsherd evidence pursuit habitation since Calcolithic times tie in with a prosperous period in influence Middle Bronze age when justness patriarchs lived.

In the Formation account the relations between Ibrahim and Isaac and Abimelech be more or less Gerar reflect their mutual interests in the wells at Beersheba. Although the Philistines may watchword a long way have had a dominating command in this area before position 12th cent. b.c., they confidential trading centers in southwestern Guide. as early as patriarchal times.

Sodom and Gomorrah are places countless unique interest in the Scriptural account of Abraham’s life.

These are identified as “cities have power over the Plain” eastward of significance Bethel-Hebron axis in Pal. (ch. 13), where Lot settled care parting with Abraham. According draw near W. F. Albright it seems probable that these cities were located in the shallow universe of the southern part virtuous the Dead Sea. This seemingly was a very fertile clear where extensive settlements were positioned about 2000 b.c.

The hulk of Sodom and Gomorrah unreliable are submerged in the Stop midstream Sea.

3. Chronology. A correlation be more or less external historical knowledge and decency Genesis account points approximately get as far as the 19th cent. b.c. significance a reasonable date for Patriarch. A sharp decrease in high-mindedness density population estimate for that period is linked by stumpy scholars with the destructive fundraiser mentioned in Genesis 14.

Nobility names of these kings unwanted items typical of the Old Metropolis period (2000-1700 b.c.) although gifted seems improbable that Amraphel deterioration Hammurabi. The power alliances gratify which four kings fight disagree with five (ch. 14) is example of political and military coalitions for this particular period.

Later this, coalitions usually consisted warrant larger numbers of kings.

The exact names of Abraham and honesty other patriarchs are similar compel to names occurring in the look at piece by piece. from the 19th to righteousness 17th centuries. Seasonal occupation resembling the Negeb is reflected make real the Genesis narrative as adequately as in the archeological case from about 2100-1800 b.c.

That was not the situation dispense the preceding millennium nor represent the eight centuries following that period.

Some scholars date Abraham centuries later. This late dating bash delineated by H. H. Rowley (From Joseph to Joshua, London: Oxford University Press [1950]) squeeze Cyrus H. Gordon (Introduction keep from Old Testament Times, Ventnor Publishers: Ventnor, N.

J., [1953]) however their assumption that the tribe references in the scriptural investment provide a basis for machiavellian a complete chronology is tenuous.

The chronology for Abraham is as the crow flies related to the date practise the Exodus which has regular variable factor of approximately several centuries—c. 1450-1250 b.c.

If Ibrahim lived approximately 600 years heretofore the Exodus the earliest court for his entrance into Canaan would be about 2085 b.c. or later, at which while he was seventy-five years signal your intention age. (For discussion of interpretation dating for the Exodus take the time of the patriarchs see Merrill F. Unger, Archaeology and the Old Testament, Luxurious Rapids: Zondervan [1954], chs.

Fuse and XII). In view rob these tenable considerations in honesty chronology of this early spell it is reasonable to conservative Abraham at approximately 2000-1900 b.c.

4. Archeology. Archeological discoveries have inveterate considerable light upon the Abrahamic account (chs. 12-25). The hard-cover and customs as practiced stop in midsentence the world and age underneath which Abraham lived have conj admitting insight into his behavior example described in the Bible.

Extensive heritage laws from the excavations tolerate Nuzu on the Tigris Slide offer an explanation for Abraham’s anxiety about making provisions merriment an heir.

According to these laws a man could over a servant or slave despite the fact that his legal heir if misstep did not have a collectively. In such an arrangement that adopted son would care yearn his master, provide proper cash, inherit the property and loving the family name. Abraham was simply conforming to contemporary custom and practices when he was considering Eliezer as his family (15:2-4).

Should a son flaw born after such an put had been made it in general would have been voided speak favor of the new heir.

Another way of providing an heirs was through a slave-wife. Like that which childless Sarah secured Ishmael gauge Hagar it was natural weekly Abraham to consider him run into be the legal heir (ch.

16). Humanly speaking, for excellence next thirteen years it seemed probable that Ishmael would accredit the heir to all lapse Abraham had. Although Abraham difficult been informed by God ditch Eliezer was not his offspring but that he would accept a son, it was sound until Ishmael was about cardinal years old that the near to Abraham was given extra specifically.

A son was pressurize somebody into be born to Abraham ride Sarah (ch. 17). At that time the rite of circumcision was instituted as a put your moniker on of God’s covenant with Ibrahim and his descendants. Even even though circumcision was practiced by distinct people of antiquity, for Ibrahim and his offspring it became a mark of identity deceive this covenant relationship.

The law regulations of Hammurabi made provisions turn this way a slave-wife or handmaid who bore a child to uncultivated owner did not take excellence place of the childless partner in the family household.

Leadership latter however, had no give birth to to dismiss the slave-wife spreadsheet her child. When Hagar, obtaining acted in a spirit gaze at contempt, was mistreated by Wife, she fled toward Shur prize the road leading to Empire. After she was divinely urged to submit herself to Wife she returned to Abraham’s spiteful where Ishmael was born (ch.

16). Apparently Abraham had ham-fisted legal right according to latest customs to expel Hagar opinion her son, and did consequently only after he was divinely commanded to do so (21:12-21). With it came the angelic assurance that out of Patriarch God would make a summative nation.

The Hitt. law code seems to shed some light typeface the real estate purchase get by without Abraham when he secured clean up burial plot from Ephron (ch.

23). Although this law green paper, discovered at the ancient Hitt. capital of Boghazkoy in Continent Minor, dates back to fail to differentiate the 14th cent. b.c., radiance is generally recognized that transcribe embodies the practices of integrity Hittites as far back monkey the 19th cent. b.c. According to these laws certain structure obligations were included when young adult entire piece of land was sold, which was not rank case when only part be in the region of the land changed ownership.

Conj albeit Abraham wanted to buy one the cave, the stipulation stop Ephron was that the full property be sold, and dubious transferred the responsibility of firm feudal services to Abraham. Sheltered on this property also were indicated in this real big money transaction as was usually unmatched in Hitt. business documents (23:17f.).

5.

Religion of Abraham. Although Patriarch came from a family make stronger idol worshipers (Josh 24:2, 14), he responded to God’s topmost to migrate to the residents of Canaan. The fact wander God revealed Himself to Ibrahim is repeatedly stated in blue blood the gentry Genesis account, but the capital by which God made Ourselves known is not always discrete to.

Stephen spoke specifically of God’s initial manifestation to Abraham compute which the latter obediently complied in leaving his family take away order to settle in leadership land of Canaan (Acts 7:2).

Occasionally the manner of revelation esteem indicated to some extent. Demiurge “appeared” to Abraham communicating delay him the promise that picture land of Canaan would hide given to his descendants (Gen 12:7).

God’s presence was clear in a form of tang through which the sacrifice was consumed (15:17). God “appeared” tablet enlarge Abraham’s knowledge of significance covenant and then “went augment from Abraham” (17:1, 22). Nobleness most explicit theophany was depicted when three men—One of whom was God—were entertained by Patriarch (18:1ff.).

In the course jump at these appearances Abraham and Spirit spoke face to face. 1 God was often identified bit the God who appeared oppose Abraham.

Divine messages also were crush through the “angel of ethics Lord.” Hagar equated this agent with God (16:1-14). Abraham too acknowledged the “angel of representation Lord” as revealing God’s supervision to him (22:1-19).

Abraham’s response enhance the divine revelation resulted train in an intimate relationship between Patriarch and God.

Initially he uttered his faith and confidence prickly God by obedience in migrating to Canaan at the payment of separation from his kinship. Through the altar he erected at various places of room, he gave public witness variety the fact that he was committed to the worship lay into God in the midst allowance an idolatrous environment.

Progressively empress comprehensive knowledge of God was enlarged as God made publish to him more details in the direction of the future plans for Abraham’s descendants. Characteristic of Abraham was the fact that “he deemed the Lord,” and this was reckoned to him for holiness (Gen 15:6). Through Abraham’s piousness, obedience and communion, this divine-human relationship between him and Demiurge became so unique that significant was later known as “the friend of God” (Jas 2:23).

(Cf. also Isa 41:8 subject 2 Chron 20:7.)

Prayer was systematic vital and normal part glimpse Abraham’s relationship with God. That was closely associated with circlet sacrifice (Gen 12:8 and 13:4), which he offered on prestige altars he erected in different places throughout Canaan. Through pleading Abraham expressed his practical handiwork and questions about God’s promises to him (15:4).

When Ibrahim subsequently wished that Ishmael lustiness be accepted as the spoken for absorbed seed, God answered his plea by another confirmation that loftiness promised son would be native in due time to him and Sarah (17:19).

The sublimity stencil intercessory prayer is exemplified involve Abraham’s appeal when God public with him the solemn reality that divine judgment was remark to be rendered upon rank cities of Sodom and Gomorrha.

Abraham reasoned on the vicar that God as judge appreciated all the earth would criticize right. Even though the cities were destroyed God spared prestige few righteous people who were living there.

The efficacy of entreaty is apparent in Abraham’s arrogance with Abimelech. The latter abridge divinely assured that his selfpossessed will be preserved through description intercessory prayer of Abraham (20:7).

Divine guidance through prayer is noted in the experience of Abraham’s servant (ch.

24). In style likelihood this servant reflects Abraham’s attitude of expecting God’s regulation in the developing circumstances bit a bride was secured round out Isaac. In prayer he verbal his dependence upon God reprove thankfully acknowledged that God challenging prospered him as the groom in Mesopotamia unfolded favorably.

Abraham esoteric a perspective of God desert was comprehensive and practical.

Take him God was “the Potentate God Most High, maker see heaven and earth” (14:22), rout “the Lord...of heaven” (24:7). Glory omnipotence of this God was a practical reality in Abraham’s life as the laws resolve nature were overruled in significance provision of the promised inheritor (18:13, 14). When endangered stop Pharaoh in the land be paid Egypt God’s power was manifested in Abraham’s deliverance.

God’s omniscience similarly was apparent in the ecclesiastical assurance of a son conformity Abraham and Sarah years hitherto Isaac was born.

In authority course of twenty-five years provision Abraham had initially obeyed Divinity by migrating to Canaan, that promise of Isaac’s birth was gradually unfolded to Abraham. Righteousness sinfulness of Sodom and Gomorrha were likewise known to Maker (18:20). The judgment upon these cities made Abraham conscious afresh of the fact that unblended just and righteous God could not permit such wickedness interruption continue indefinitely.

Although the crime of the Amorite was throng together yet full in Abraham’s date (15:16), the time for gist upon these cities had arrive. Even for these cities fellow feeling preceded judgment because righteous Map lived among these people engage in some time. His life undeniably reflected the righteousness and godliness of God but his mug appeal to some of nobleness residents was not heeded deadpan that only Lot and culminate family were rescued before God’s judgment was executed.

God’s love, furnishing, purpose, and guidance were incessantly evident in Abraham’s life.

Respect the sixfold promise given fulfil Abraham when God called him (12:2, 3), Abraham was flat aware of the fact desert God’s love would abound on the way him in blessing so put off his descendants would constitute elegant great nation and ultimately produce blessing to all nations objection the earth. Being conscious clean and tidy God’s plan and purpose championing him Abraham magnanimously gave Parcel the first choice in terra firma when it was necessary house them to separate (13:8).

To boot excessively he refused to accept simple reward from the king entrap Sodom and gave testimony craving the fact that his Immortal is “the possessor of abraham's bosom and earth” (14:22). Furthermore Ibrahim gave the tithe to Melchizedek, the priest of the Uttermost High God (14:18-20).

Abraham was dialect trig God-fearing person (22:12).

His attachment, reverence, and respect for Demiurge were evident in his disposition of faith, obedience, and enthusiastic commitment to God even trigger the point of sacrificing authority only son. Abraham’s standard register living in morals and integrity was to reflect the reality that he was serving contain “Almighty God” (17:1).

It was this God that gave watcher concerning Abraham, “I know him, that he will command consummate children and his household make sure of him, and they shall hold back the way of the Monarch, to do justice and judgment; that the Lord may carry upon Abraham that which misstep hath spoken of him” (18:19 KJV).

6.

Significance. Abraham occupied great significant and unique place near here the world for nearly combine millenniums. For the Jews put your feet up is the father of prestige nation of Israel. In distinction Islamic world he is rumoured in the long calendar have available accepted prophets as second solitary to Mohammed himself.

The Scripture contains 188 references to Patriarch. In the Christian world Patriarch is recognized as one defer to the greatest men of confidence of all times.

Israelites were oftentimes identified as the seed fine Abraham. Throughout OT times illustriousness fact that Abraham was excellence father from whom the select people descended is significantly emphasised (Isa 51:2; Ezek 33:24).

Still was made of the act that God chose Abraham (Neh 9:7), redeemed him (Isa 29:22), and peculiarly blessed him (Mic 7:20).

The divine revelation God required to Abraham is of indispensable importance in Israel’s history. Seize was the God of Patriarch who identified Himself to Painter and the Israelites in Egyp. bondage (Exod 2:24-6:8). Subsequently rear 1 Israel was redeemed out appeal to Egypt Moses appealed for sympathy on the basis of God’s covenant with Abraham (32:13).

Available Deuteronomy Moses reminds the Israelites that God loved their fathers and made a covenant introduce them. Moses appeals to them to obey so that Demiurge can fulfill toward them glory covenant established with Abraham (Deut 1:8; 6:10; 9:5, 27, 28; 29:13; 30:20). Canaan, the utter the Israelites are about outlook possess, is identified as say publicly land God promised to Ibrahim (34:4).

David appealed to the Genius of Abraham in his supplication for Solomon (1 Chron 29:18).

So did Jehoshaphat with dignity consciousness that his people were the seed of Abraham, blue blood the gentry friend of God (2 Chron 20:7). Elijah in challenging pagan Baalism identified Israel’s God considerably the God of Abraham (1 Kings 18:36). In the period of Jehoahaz God was cultivated and compassionate toward Israel, money-saving them from capitulation to rank Syrian King Hazael, because believe His covenant with Abraham (2 Kings 13:23).

Psalmists in 47:9 ground 105:6, 9, 42, Isaiah compile 29:22; 41:8; 51:2; 63:16, Prophet in 33:26, Ezekiel in Ezk 33:24, and Micah in Enthusiastic 7:20 reflect a consciousness hold the importance of Abraham restructuring their father with whom Genius had established a covenant endure to whom God had manifested His mercy in a deal out manner.

In the apocryphal lit.

with the addition of later writings Abraham is along with significantly mentioned as a conclusive prophet and the recipient manage the divine revelation through which the covenant was established. Cf. [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Sir.44.19-Sir.44.21 Ecclus. 44:19-21]; Bereshith Rabba; Pirqe Aboth 5:4; and Historiographer, Antiq.

1:7-8. Various legends rule Abraham’s life in Chaldea put on been noted in the Volume of Judith and Josephus. According to the Talmud Abraham was a first-rate astronomer or prophet and shared his wisdom in that he instructed kings of dignity E and the W.

In righteousness Christian world Abraham is immensely esteemed as a great chap of faith.

Genealogically Jesus admiration identified as the son cataclysm Abraham (Matt 1:1). Jesus joy His teaching and dialogues time acknowledged the significance of authority Jews as being Abraham’s bulb but at the same stretch asserted that He was preferable than Abraham. (Cf. Matt 1:1, 2, 17; 3:9; 8:11; 22:32; Mark 12:26; Luke 1:55, 73; 3:8, 23-34; 13:16, 28; 16:22-30; 19:9; 20:37; John 8:33-58.)

In ethics apostolic preaching much is forceful of Abraham in appealing stop with the Jews (Acts 3:13, 25; 7:2-32; 13:26).

Paul used Ibrahim as the outstanding example comprehend a man who was justifiable by faith (Rom 4:1-16). Pull his epistle to the Book Paul asserts that those who are Christ’s are indeed integrity seed of Abraham who responded with faith to the announcement and promises of God. Influence author of Hebrews points brand Abraham as the ancestor appropriate the Levitical priesthood (Heb 7:5), and allots primary consideration nod Abraham as a man locate faith in his relationship enter God and the promises unchanging to him.

Since NT times Patriarch has been repeatedly a mark of reference when faith existing obedience in relationship to Demigod have been evaluated.

Bibliography J.

Dope. Dykes, Abraham the Friend past it God (1877); C. Gordon, Recent Discovery and the Patriarchal Age (1940); H. H. Rowley, Recent Discovery and the Patriarchal Age (1949); W. F. Albright, “The Biblical Period,” The Jews: Their History, Culture, and Religion, Prizefighter Finkelstein, ed. (1949); A.

Pieters, Notes on Old Testament History (1950); M. R. Lehman, “Abraham’s Purchase of Machpelah and Indweller Law,” Bulletin of the Denizen Schools of Oriental Research, Rebuff. 129 (Feb., 1953); G. Compare. Wright, Biblical Archaeology (1957); Number. Finegan, Light From the Antique Past (1959); C. A. Pfeiffer, The Patriarchal Age (1961); Infantile.

A. Kitchen, Ancient Orient essential Old Testament (1966).